MfidBI 


Horse  Packing 

By 

CHARLES  JOHNSTON  POST 


■3 


JOHNA.SEAVERNS 


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HORSE    PACKING 


HORSE 
PACKING 


BY 

CHARLES     JOHNSON     POST 

Formerly    First    Lieutenant    and    Battalion    Quartermaster 

71st  Regiment,  N.  G.  N.  Y.  and  First  Lieutenant 

8th    Coast    Artillery,    N.    G.    N.    Y. 

Author  of  '"Across  the  Andes" 

A  Manual  of  Pack  Transportation 


0-H-T«I-]N-6 

HANDBOOKS 


U^umher  4^ 


NEW  YORK 

OUTING   PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

MCMXIV 


Copyright,   1914  By 
OUTING    PUBLISHING   COMPANY 


Entered  at  Stationer's  Hall,  London,  England, 
All  rights  reserved 


INTRODUCTION 

Ordinarily  a  book  of  this  kind  needs  no  introduc- 
tion; it  either  explains  itself  in  the  clearness  of  the 
diagrams  and  pages  or  else  it  is  so  didactically  incom- 
prehensible that  no  amount  of  introduction  could  pos- 
sibly clarify  the  atmosphere. 

But  I  am  under  obligations  to  various  gentlemen 
whose  suggestions,  or  methods,  have  appeared  to  me 
of  great  value  in  presenting  and  arranging  this  subject. 
There  is  the  unknown  gentleman — perhaps  many  of  them 
— who  have  devised  or  evolved  the  typical  method  of 
preparing  Army  drill  regulations  of  the  United  States. 
It  is  the  most  compact,  exact  and  limpid  method  of 
standardizing  and  transmitting  information  of  this  char- 
acter that  has  been  devised.  A  thousand  years  from  now 
men  who  have  never  seen  the  execution  of  an  evolution 
of  our  present  generation  could  work  and  drill  in 
the  forgotten  maneuvres  with  as  great  an  exactness  as 
soldiers  are  drilled  to-day.  And  that  is  the  test  of 
clearness. 

I  have  therefore  adopted  the  method  of  the  Army 
manual — not  that  I  intend  it  as  a  rigid  method  of  exe- 
cution for  packs  or  hitches,  but  that  it  is  absolute  in  its 


exact  directness  of  explanation.  Whether  a  packer 
sings  out,  "Kill  'em."  or  "Cinch!"  is  a  matter  of  no  im- 
portance— I  have  no  intention  of  offering  a  mere  vocab- 
ulary— but  that,  at  certain  stages  of  throwing  a  hitch, 
some  signal  facilitates  the  work,  is  a  matter  of  im- 
portance. So  I  have  given  an  apparent  formality  to 
methods  solely  for  purposes  of  clearness.  When 
two  men  understand  each  other — as  I  have  seen  a  team 
of  packers  work  in  loading  an  Army  mule — there  ap- 
pears a  conjurer's  rope  that  seems  to  fairly  flow  in 
even  coils  through  the  mazes  of  an  intricate  hitch,  sud- 
denly to  grow  rigid  as  the  mule  grunts  while  the  watch 
has  ticked  off  but  fifty  seconds. 

I  am  also  under  obligations  to  War  Department 
Document  No.  360,  a  most  interesting  compila- 
tion of  pack  transportation  in  the  Army,  and  to 
the  able  contributions  that  Mr.  H.  W.  Daly,  Chief 
Packer  of  the  Quartermaster's  Department  has  made 
to  that  Document,  and  to  Col.  Hugh  L.  Scott  who 
assisted  in  its  preparation.  Colonel  Scott  describes 
Mr.  Daly  as  one  of  the  last  of  the  old-time  packers 
who  grew  up  with  the  pack  service  under  General 
George  Crook.  He  ascribes  to  him  the  study  that  re- 
sulted in  the  discovery  of  the  cause  of  the  bunches  that 
arise  on  the  pack  animal's  body;  to  him  also  the  method 
of  curing  the  bunches  and  various  inventions  that  have 
added  greatly  to  the  service  and  development  of  sci- 
entific pack  transportation  in  the  United  States  Army. 
I  have  given  the  detailed  specifications  for  the  aparejo 
from  this  document  so  that,  if  necessary,  the  aparejo 
may  be  made  when  needed. 

I  wish  also  to  make  my  acknowledgment  of  appre- 
ciation to  Sergeant  Wiman  of  the  Quartermaster's  De- 
partment in  charge  of  the  pack  transportation  at  West 


Point.  I  first  heard  of  the  Wiman  One-man  Hitch,  de- 
scribed in  this  present  manual,  from  him.  It  is  beyond 
question  the  best  of  all  the  one-man  hitches. 

Therefore,  if  this  manual  seems  to  have  an  Army 
flavor,  it  is  by  reason  of  collecting  in  a  simple  intelli- 
ble  form  all  of  the  important  hitches  used  in  pack  trans- 
portation and  with  such  suggestions  that  they  may  be 
employed  as  circumstances  demand.  It  is  the  purpose 
that  this  shall  be  offered  for  the  needs  of  the  explorer, 
the  prospector,  packer,  the  Army  service  or  the  pack 
service  in  the  National  Guard. 

And  I  have  relied  upon  diagrams  to  express  the  sim- 
ple stages  of  a  hitch. 


Table  of  Contents 

Page 

Introduction    7 

Definitions    11 

General   Rules   14 

Organization  for  Military  Purposes 15 

Marches    16 

Records  of  Endurance  17 

Standard  Pack  Mules  19 

Diseases   of  Pack   Animals  23 

The   Aparejo    24 

Care  of  the  Pack  Animal  32 

Specifications   for  Aparejo   34 

Latigo    50 

To  Lair  Up  a   Pack  53 

Slinging  the   Cargo  60 

One-Man   Cargo  Sling  66 

Cross    Sling    75 

HITCHES 

Diamond   Hitch,   Single  78 

Diamond   Hitch,   Double   92 

Wiman    One-Man    Hitch    104 

Pole    Hitch    114 

Saw  Buck  Saddle  122 

Saw    Buck    Slings    125 

Cross    Tree    Hitch    132 

Squaw    Hitch    140 

Lifting    Hitch    146 

Stirrup    Hitch    155 

Saddle    Hitch 163 

To    Construct    a    Travois    168 

Mule   Litter   172 

APPENDIX 

Cordage,  Ropes,   Splices  Knots,  etc  173-197 

Index   199 


HORSE  PACKING 


DEFINITIONS 

Aparejo — The  type  of  pack  saddle  that  is   solely  a   pad 

for  the  animal's  back. 
Bell  Horse — A  horse   (or  mule)   with  a  bell  fastened  to 

its  neck.     It  marches  at  the  head  of  a  pack  train. 
Bivouac — To  camp  without  tents.     A  hasty  camp  in  the 

open. 
Blind — A   hood  to   cover   the    eyes    of  the   animal   when 

loading  it. 
Braise — To  balance  or  even  the  two  side  packs   on   the 

animal. 
Breast  Strap — A   band   or   strap   that   is    attached   to    the 

saddle  and  that  passes  across  the  animal's  breast 

to  keep  the  load  from  slipping  back. 
Bunch — A  swelling  or  puffing  up,  like   a  bruise,   caused 

by  the  over  pressure  in  that  spot  of  the  saddle  or 

load. 
Cargo — The    collection    of    freight    for    a    pack    train    or 

pack  animal. 
Cargador — The  assistant  to  a  pack  master. 
Chief  PacJ^er — The   head   of  any  number  of  pack   trains. 

The  head  of  any  system  of  Pack  Transportation. 
Cincha  (or  Cinch) — The  broad  band  that  comes  beneath 

the  animal's  belly  and  on  which  the   strain   of  the 

hitch  comes.     A  cincha  with  its  attached  latigo  are 

commonly  known  as  the  cinch. 
Cinch — To    Cinch — To    tighten    to    the    limit,    as    a    lash 

rope,  a  latigo,  a  girth,  etc. 
Corona — The  saddle   pad  or  blanket  that  is   first  placed 

on  the  animal  and  that  comes  next  to  its  hide. 
Cross-Tree — Another  name  for  the  saw  buck  pack  saddle. 
Crupper — The   band   that   passes   from  the   saddle   under 

the  animal's  tail  or  dock.     It  keeps  the  saddle  from 

slipping  forward. 
DocJ^ — The  root  of  the  tail. 

11 


12  HORSE  PACKING 

Dock-piece — That  portion  of  the  crupper  that  fits  under 
the  dock. 

Cirih — The  band  or  strap  encircling  the  animal  or  pass- 
ing under  it  by  which  the  saddle  or  aparejo  is  held 
in  place  on  the  animal's  back. 

Hitch  (in  pack  transportation) — The  term  by  which  any 
method  of  attaching  a  load  to  the  back  of  an  animal 
by  means  of  a  rope  is  known.  Securing  a  load  by 
a  hitch  is  known  as  "Throwing  the  Diamond  (or 
such-and-such)    Hitch," 

Lair  Rope — The  rope  by  which  a  pack  is  lashed  in  a 
load  either  by  itself  or  in  a  manta  or  pack  cover. 
It  is  about  30  feet  long. 

Load — The  whole  burden  for  one  animal. 

Lash  Rope — The  rope,  about  40  to  50  feet  in  length,  by 
which  the  hitch  is  thrown  and  the  load  lashed  on 
the  animal. 

Latigo — The  strap  attached  to  a  cincha  or  saddle  for  the 
purpose  of  securing  the  cincha  or  girth  around' the 
animal  through  a  ring  (rendering  ring)  at  the  other 
end. 

Near  Side — The  left  side  of  an  animal. 

Off  Side — The  right  side  of  an  animal. 

On  Side — The  near  side  of  an  animal.  Same  as  near 
side. 

Pac^One  side  of  the  load  on  an  animal,  as  the  near 
pack,  the  ofif  pack, 

(To  Pack — To  load  the  animal  or  animals.     Also  the 
act  of  transporting  by  the  backs  of  animals.) 

Pack  Cover — A  square  of  canvas  (about  6  by  6  feet)  in 
which   the   component  parts   of  a  pack   are  lashed. 

Pack  Blanket — A  blanket  placed  under  the  pack  saddle 
or  aparejo. 

Packer — One  qualified  to  pack  the  cargoes  and  throw 
the  hitches. 

Pack  Master — One  who  is  in  charge  of  a  pack  train. 

Pack  Saddle — Any  arrangement  or  device  for  carrying 
freight  on  the  back  of  an  animal,  in  distinction  to  the 
Aparejo  which  may  be  a  pad  of  the  simplest  de- 
scription. 

Pack  Train — Any  number  of  pack  animals  operating  in 
a  single  unit.  The  standard  military  pack  train 
consists  of  50  pack  mules,  complete  equipment,  14 
men,  14  riding  mules  and  1  bell  hors?. 


DEFINITIONS  13 

Picket  Rope — A  rope  used  to  tether  an  animal  and  keep 
it  from  wandering  while  grazing.  Also  the  rope  to 
which  many  animals  are  fastened  in  rank. 

Rendering  Ring — The  ring  through  which  the  Latigo  is 
passed  to  cinch  it  and  make  it  fast. 

Riding  Load—  The  load  or  pack  that  is  carried  above  and 
between  the  two  side  packs. 

Rigging — The  complete  aparejo. 

Running  Pari — Same  as  Running  Rope. 

Running  Rope — That  part  of  a  rope  between  the  free  end 
and  that  place  on  the  Rope  at  which  movement,  as 
in  pulling  or  tightening,  ceases.  Thus,  in  a  block 
and  pulley  the  portion  of  the  rope  between  one 
pulley  and  where  it  is  fastened  to  the  bottom  of 
the  other  pulley,  never  moves,  as  do  the  other  ropes 
in  hauling;  it  is  the  standing  part.  The  rest  is  the 
Running  Part  or  Parts.  It  is  the  same  in  the  turns 
of  any  hitch,  one  portion  of  the  rope  is  immovable 
on  the  packs;  the  rest  is  the  Running  Part. 

San>  BucJ^  Saddle — See  Chapter  for  description  of  the 
same. 

Sling  Rope— The  rope  used  to  hold  the  packs  on  the 
animal's  back  in  the  proper  place  so  that  the  hitch 
may  be  thrown.     It  is  about  30  feet  long. 

Sohre-j alma— The  aparejo  cover  with  the  heavy  horizontal 
sticks  on  each  side  that  holds  the  lower  turns  of 
the  hitch  on  both  sides.  (Variously  known  as  the 
sobber  hammer,  soldier  hammer,  sovereign,  etc.) 

Standing  Part — See  Running  Rope. 
Standing  Rope — See  Running  Rope. 
Striding  Load — Same  aS  Riding  Load. 
Top  Load — Same  as  Riding  Load. 


14  HORSE  PACKING 

GENERAL  RULES 

Pack  animals  should  be  allowed  to  drink  on  the 
march,  when  they  indicate  their  thirst  at  fords,  etc. 

Pack  animals  should  be  groomed,  etc.,  and  treated 
on  the  same  basis  as  a  saddle  animal,  in  order  to  get 
the  best  results. 

Their  backs  should  be  carefully  examined  for  burrs 
before  putting  on  the  blanket  or  aparejo.  The  hair 
should  lie  smooth  and  in  one  direction. 

A  pack  animal  must  always  be  blinded  when  put- 
ting on  the  aparejo  and  loads.  If  necessary  to  move  to 
another  position,  remove  the  blinders,  move,  and  then 
put  them  on  again. 

A  pack  animal,  when  he  puffs  himself  up  while 
being  loaded  or  just  before  cinching,  should  not  be  ^ic^ej 
in  the  bell^  to  expel  the  mnd.  Puffing  gives  the  animal  a 
brief  pleasure  and  does  not  affect  the  lashing  or  cinch 
any — for  it  has  to  be  tightened  anyway  a  second  time 
shortly  after  the  march  begins,  owing  to  the  stretch 
and  give  of  the  rope. 

The  animals   should  be   treated  with  kindness. 

A  pack  animal  must  have  confidence  at  all  times  in 
the  men  of  the  outfit  for  without  such  implicit  confi- 
dence, time  is  lost  in  packing  and  a  thousand  other 
irritating  ways.  The  man  is  not  on  the  animal's  back 
all  the  time  with  spur  and  bit  to  hold  him  in  hand  and 
therefore  confidence,  and  afifection,  if  possible,  should 
be  established  by  uniform  kindness.  Fords,  bad  trails, 
etc.,  can  be  negotiated  when  this  confidence  exists 
where  there  would  otherwise  be  nothing  but  balkiness 
and  confusion. 

A  load  should  never  be  adjusted  uphill.  Turn  the 
animal  so  he  faces  downhill. 

Keep  the  pack  train  closed  up,  head  to  haunch.  Do 
not  allow  it  to  straggle  out.  A  wild  and  erratic  ani- 
mal may  be  haltered  to  the  pack  ahead.  Generally  a 
pack  train  quickly  settles  down  to  the  single  file. 

The  complete  march  for  the  day  should  be  made 
without  an  extended  "rest  halt"  if  possible,  and  then  go 
into  the  day's  camp.  In  a  hilly  or  mountainous  country, 
short  halts  are  necessary  to  straighten  the  loads, 
tighten  them,  etc. 


GENERAL  RULES  15 

If  a  pack  animal  falls  and  it  is  necessary  to  cut  the 
lash  rope,  cut  it  at  the  standing  part.  It  will  more 
quickly  drop  the  load  and  do  less  injury  to  the  rope. 

The  aparejos  should  be  removed  at  the  end  of  a 
march  and  the  animals  allowed  to  roll.  This  is  true 
unless  their  backs  are  lathered  and  overheated  and  the 
air  is  too  keen  or  cold. 

When  emergency  compels  the  'packing  of  very 
heavy  loads  beyond  the  normal,  or  there  is  a  long 
march,  do  not  allow  the  animals  to  wander  from  the 
single  file  or  lie  down.  Every  means  should  be  used  to 
keep  them  on  their  feet  and  marching.  They  can  keep 
on  marching  when,  if  they  lie  down,  they  cannot  get 
on  their  feet  again  even  with  the  load  off.  Stupendous 
loads  have,  in  emergencies,  been  packed  on  mules  who 
could  carry  it  as  long  as  they  were  marching.  This  is 
a  rule  for  emergency  only,  "keep  them  going." 

When  two  or  more  packers  are  with  an  outfit  the 
one  man  hitches  should  never  be  used.  Two  packers 
should   always   work   together. 

Pack  transportation  is  continually  a  matter  of  judg- 
ment, experience,  and  common  sense.  It  cannot  be 
formalized  like  a  military  manoeuvre.  It  is  intended  for 
the  most  flexible  and  mobile  service  under  all  condi- 
tions, whether  in  the  field  of  exploration  or  for  mili- 
tary purposes. 

Efficiency  can  best  be  secured  by  preventing  inex- 
pert interference. 

STANDARD  OF  ORGANIZATION  FOR  MILITARY 
PURPOSES 

A  Pack  Train  consists  of: 

50  Pack  Mules, 

I  Bell  Horse, 

and  14  Riding  Mules. 

I  Pack  Master, 

I   Cargador, 

I  Blacksmith, 

I   Cook, 

and  14  Packers, 
with  complete  outfit  for  camp  and  subsistence  and  the 
requisite  number  of  riding  saddles  and  aparejos. 


16 


HORSE  PACKING 


MARCHES 

On  a  road  or  trail  in  ordinary  country  a  pack  mule 
with  a  load  of  250  pounds  can  make  25  miles  a  day  with- 
out difficulty.  This  is  the  ordinary  military  load  and 
march.  And  a  pack  mule  can  keep  this  up  practically 
twelve  months  of  the  year  if  his  back  be  kept  free  from 
sores. 

NOTE. — This  assumes  the  United  States  Army 
aparejo.  This  aparejo  enables  a  packer  to  cure  the  pre- 
liminary "bunches"  or  saddle  bruises  before  they  can 
develop  into  sores.  Of  no  other  known  pack  saddle  or 
device  is  this  true.  The  saw  buck  is  good  for  light  and 
occasional  use  or  where  mules  can  be  worked  in  relays, 
but  to  keep  one  train  of  pack  animals  com/anf/p  in  the  field 
under  ordinary  or  heavy  pack  work  the  Army  aparejo 
is  the  only  packing  outfit  that  can  be  used  and  keep  the 
animal's  back  fit. 

Over  a  rough,  hilly  and  mountainous  country  a  pack 
mule  will  carrj^  250  pounds  and  march  10  to  15  miles, 
depending  on  the  difficulties. 

The  following  table  is  the  standard  rate  of  march 
under  varying  loads  for  the  United  States  Army: 

Maximum  Number     Number 
rate  of        of  miles      of  days 

travel  per  day.  continuous 
Weight  of  Load.         per  hour.  travel. 

200  pounds  8  25  7 

7  40  10 

6  50  7 

6  100  3 

5  25  365 

250  pounds 8  25  3 

7  40  7 

6  100  1 

6  50  5          , 

6  25  30 

6  20  60 

5  100  2 

5  50  10 

5  25  60 

5  20  90 


RECORDS  OF  ENDURANCE 


17 


Maximum       Number     Number 


Weight  of  Load 
300  pounds 

350  pounds 

400  pounds 


rats  of 

travel 

per  hour. 

5 
5 
5 
5 
4 
4 


of  miles      of  days 
per  day.  continuous 
travel. 


75 
50 
25 
20 
20 
15 


1 
7 
30 
60 
30 
30 


RECORDS  OF  ENDURANCE 

The  endurance  of  the  pack  mule  is  amazing.  The 
following  are  from  the  official  records  of  the  United 
States  Army: 

In  1881  a  company  of  Indian  scout's  and  one  pack 
train  made  a  march  of  85  miles  in  13  hours  under  loads 
of  200  pounds  to  each  animal.  This  was  under  Colonel 
Buell  of  the  15th   Infantry  against  the  Apaches. 

A  company  of  Indian  scouts  and  one  pack  train  later, 
but  in  pursuit  of  the  same  Apaches,  marched  about  60 
miles  between  sunrise  and  sunset.  They  were  then 
loaded  on  cars  and  shipped  by  rail  to  Fort  Craig,  New 
Mexico,  and  marched  across  some  30  miles  to  the  San 
Mateo  mountains,  loaded  250  pounds  to  the  mule;  then 
without  making  an  all-night  camp  struck  the  trail  of 
the  Apaches  and  followed  it  into  Old  Mexico.  About 
300  miles  was  covered  in  about  four  days. 

From  San  Carlos  Agency,  Arizona,  in  1882,  a  com- 
pany of  scouts  and  one  pack  train,  loaded  200  pounds 
to  the  mule,  made  a  forced  march  of  280  miles  in  three 
days. 

In  1891  and  1892,  during  the  Garza  campaign  on 
the  Rio  Grande,  Texas,  a  troop  of  the  3rd  Cavalry  and 
part  of  a  pack  train,  loaded  250  pounds  to  the  mule, 
were  marched  108  miles  in  16  hours. 

In  the  same  campaign  another  pack  train  marched 
104  miles  in  a  night  and  part  of  the  following  day. 

Also  in  the  same  campaign  another  pack  train  made 
90  miles  in  less  than  twenty-four  hours,  each  mule 
loaded  with  250  pounds. 


18  HORSE  PACKING 

These  mules  were  in  perfect  condition — not  from 
long  rest — but  from  constant  and  properly  supervised 
use.  Of  course,  after  such  heavy  strains  they  were 
given  a  day's  rest  to  regain  their  normal  condition. 

The  writer  has  made  a  forced  march  across  a  South 
American  desert  with  a  pack  train  of  the  little  native 
mules.  In  26  hours  they  marched  a  shade  over  100 
miles,  with  one  halt  of  10  minutes  and  one  of  2  hours 
at  a  camp  by  water.  At  the  finish  one  mule  broke 
into  a  trot  as  it  recognized  the  station  some  three  miles 
away  and  trotted  up  to  the  rails  showing  but  little 
signs  of  fatigue.  A  careful  comparison  with  the  in- 
voices showed  that  it  had  been  carrying  a  weight  of  a 
little  over  400  pounds.  Native  packers  were  used  and 
they  thought  this  nothing  unusual. 

Another  instance  was  that  of  a  little  South  Ameri- 
can mule  that  carried  a  revolutionary  field  gun  weighing 
600  pounds  a  distance  of  6  miles  and  with  the  half-breed 
packer  riding  on  top  in  addition.  The  minute  the  mule 
halted,  it  dropped  under  its  burden  as  if  shot.  The 
native  packer  was  punished. 

In  the  Philippine  Islands  the  mount  of  a  navy  rapid- 
fire  gun  of  the  U.  S.  gunboat  "Quiros"  was  carried 
three  miles  inland  on  a  pack  mule,  and  later  back  to  the 
gunboat  again.  It  weighed  540  pounds  and  was  carried 
by  the  mule  over  the  poor  trails  or  cross  country  on  the 
Island  of  Jolo. 


STANDARD   PACK  MULE  19 


DESCRIPTION  OF  STANDARD  PACK  MULE 

To  be  of  sound  body,  chunky  and  solid  in  build,  and 
at  a  walk  or  trot  with  a  firm,  free  and  springy  action. 

To  be  between  4  and  6  years  old,  and  weight 
between  950  and  1,020  pounds,  and  run  from  14.1  to  15 
hands  high.  Larger  size,  if  possible  is  no  bar,  if  the 
general  type  of  efficiency  and  action  is  the  same. 

Head  of  medium  size,  intelligent  and  well-formed, 
not  Roman  nosed  or  too  large.  Between  the  eyes, 
broad. 

Eyes  clear  and  large  and  NOT  inclined  to  show 
the  white. 

Teeth  sound,  tongue  good  and  clear,  mouth  and 
muzzle  well  formed  and  firm;  avoid  a  hanging  under  lip. 

Neck,  inclined  to  arch,  stocky  and  full.  The  withers 
should  be  low  and  broad. 

Chest,  holding  therefore  legs  well  apart  and  indi- 
cating good  capacity  of  lungs.  The  division  well 
marked.     Not  high  at  center. 

Knees,  wide  in  front  and  without  blemish 

Back,  straight  and  short  showing  a  strong  back  over 
kidneys. 

The  barrel  should  be  deep  and  large,  with  hips  well 
rounded  and  broad. 

The  dock  should  offer  springy  resistance. 

Hocks,  well  apart,  and  strong;  pasterns,  short  and 
strong,  without  scratches,  cuts   or  bruises. 

Hoofs,  broad,  sound  and  full  with  the  frog  well 
developed,  elastic  and  healthy. 


20 


HORSE  PACKING 


STANDARD  PACK  MULE 


21 


POINTS  OF  A  PACK  ANIMAL 


Head 


1.  Muzzle. 

2.  Nostril. 

3.  Forehead. 

4.  Jaw. 

5.  Poll. 

6,  6,  6.  Crest. 

Ne<k 

7.  Throttle  or  windpipe. 

Fore   Quarter 

8,  8.  Should' 

9.  Point  of  < 

10.  Bosom  or 

11.  11.  True 

12.  Elbow. 

13.  Fore-arm 

14.  Knee. 

er  Blade 
shoulder. 
•  breast, 
arm. 

(arm). 

15.  Cannon  bone. 

16.  Back  sinew. 

17.  Fetlock  or  pastern  joint. 

18.  Coronet. 

19.  Hoof  or  foot. 

20.  Heel. 

BoJp   or  Middle  Piece 

21.  Withers.  25.  The  loins. 

22.  Back.  26.  The  croup. 

23,  23.   Ribs    (forming    to-  27.  The  hip. 

gether  the  barrel  or  28.  The  flank, 
chest).  29.  Sheath. 

24,  24.  The    circumference   30.  The  root   of  the   tail   or 

at   this    point    called  dock, 

the  girth. 


Hind  Quarter 


31.  The  hip  joint. 

32.  The  stifle  joint. 

33.  33.  Lower     thigh 

gaskin. 

34.  The  quarters. 

35.  The  hock. 


38.  The  cannon  bone. 

39.  The  back  sinew. 

40.  Pastern  or  fetlock  joint. 

41.  Coronet. 

42.  Hoof  or  foot. 

43.  Heel. 


36.  The  point  of  the  hock.  44.  Spavin  place. 

37.  The  curb  place. 


22 


HORSE  PACKING 


DISEASES  OF  PACK  ANIMAL  23 


DISEASES  OF  THE  PACK  ANIMAL 

1.  Caries  of  the  lower  jaw. 

2.  Fistula  of  the  parotid  duct. 

3  Bony  excrescence  or  exostosis  of  the  lower  jaw. 

4.  Swelling  by  pressure  of  bridle. 

5.  Poll  evil. 

6.  Inflamed  parotid  gland. 

7.  Inflamed  jugular  vein. 

8.  Fungus  tumor,  produced  by  pressure  of  the  collar. 

9.  Fistula  in  the  withers. 

10.  Saddle  Gall. 

11.  Tumor  of  the  elbow. 

12.  Induration  of  the  knee. 

13.  Clap  of  the  back  sinews. 

14.  Malanders. 

15.  Splint. 

16.  Ringbone. 

17.  A  tread  upon  the  coronet. 

18.  Quittor. 

19.  Sand  crack. 

20.  Contracted  or  ring  foot  of  a  foundered  animal. 

21.  Capped  hock. 

22.  Malanders. 

23.  Spavin. 

24.  Curb. 

25.  Swelled  sinews. 

26.  Thick  leg. 

27.  Grease. 

28.  A  crack  in  front  of  hoof,  called  cow  crack. 

29.  Quarter  crack. 

30.  Ventral  hernia. 

31.  Rat  tail. 


24  HORSE  PACKING 


THE  APAREJO. 

In  reality  the  load  lashed  on  the  aparejo  is  carried 
virtually  on  the  ribs;  their  resilience  taking  up  the  gall 
ing  pounding  of  a  dead  load,  or  adjusting  it  to  a  most 
remarkable  extent.  In  addition  to  this  the  manner  of 
padding  the  aparejo  is  such  that  galls,  bruises,  bunches, 
etc.,  can  be  cared  for,  or  rather  the  pressure  of  the 
padding  on  those  parts  can  be  eased  away  so  that  Na- 
ture itself  can  relieve  and  cure  the  point  of  hurt. 

Ribs  for  the  Aparejo. — A  reference  to  the  accom- 
panying diagram  and  illustration  will  clearly  show  what 
is  meant  by  "ribbing"  the  aparejo,  and  also  demonstrate 
the  essential  principle  of  the  aparejo  as  against  other 
forms  of  pack  saddle. 

The  important  principle  in  ribbing  the  aparejo  with 
these  small  sticks  is  that  the  diameter  of  the  first  one 
shall  be  greatest  at  the  front  of  the  aparejo  and  then 
the  others  shall  lessen  gradually  in  diameter  till  the 
slenderest  rib  is  at  the  rear. 

An  aparejo  will  require  from  fifty  to  sixty  sticks, 
or  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  on  each  side. 

The  first  stick  on  each  side  that  is  placed  under  the 
collar  or  forward  end  should  be  of  about  3/^  of  an  inch 
in  diameter.  The  diameter  of  the  last  stick  must  be  3X 
of  an  inch.  The  sticks  should  be  selected  and  laid  out 
beforehand  in  a  row  in  the  order  of  their  diminishing 
diameters.  Any  not  clear,  straight  and  sound  must  be 
rejected.  This  is  for  the  ordinary  load  of  250  pounds. 
For  heavier  loads  slightly,  very  slightly  heavier  ribs 
must  be  made. 

The  butt  end  of  each  rib  should  be  cut  square  across, 
i.  e.,  flat,  and  have  been  cut  to  a  slight  taper  for  about 
two  inches.  This  is  for  greater  ease  in  holding  to  the 
flat  surface  of  the  boot  stick. 

Kind  of  roood  for  rifes.— The  ribs  must  have  tough- 
ness,   springiness    or    resilience,    straightness,    freedom 


THE  APAREJO 


25 


X-Ray  of  Aparejo  showing  arrangement  of  strips. 
The  Aparejo  is   laid  out  flat. 


The  Aparejo  showing  hand-holes. 


T7T 


^^^^^^^rnirmimmi 


^"'((111 


f^i 


Wedge   shape   stick   for    tamping   grass   in   boot   of 
aparejo. 


26  HORSE  PACKING 

from  any  irregularities   or  knots   or  blemishes,   and  a 
slow,  even  taper. 

Natural  sprouts  are  generally  most  available  where 
pack  transportation  is  needed  and  are  ordinarily  quite 
as  good  if  not  superior  to  any  fancy  woods  from  the 
shop.  Also  they  are  most  easily  renewed  when  neces- 
sary and  without  delay.  (For  standard  hickory  ribs 
made  in  shop  see   Hickory  Ribs.) 

The  willow  is  excellent  and  found  in  some  vari- 
ety almost  everywhere.  The  gray,  black,  red,  button, 
and  desert  willows  are  the  most  suitable.  Dogwood 
and  arrowwood  are  generally  too  short  and  irregular 
but  are  good  if  the  other  conditions  are  met.  The 
guayaba  (generally  known  in  the  United  States  as 
"guava")  of  tropical  countries  has  been  found  to  fur- 
nish excellent  sticks  for  ribbing  aparejos.  But  ash, 
hickory  or  pecan  sprouts  have  been  found  to  give  the 
very  best  results  when  it  is  possible  to  secure  them. 

Boot-sticks. — These  boot-sticks  are  of  a  hard  wood, 
211/^  inches  long,  21^^  inches  wide,  and  3/^  of  an  inch 
thick.     The  ends  must  be  rounded  on  one  side. 

Ribbing  the  Aparejo. — The  aparejo  should  be  first 
soaked  in  water  for  about  a  half  an  hour;  if  the  water 
is  slightly  warmed  one-half  that  time  will  be  sufficient 
and  then  drained. 

The  boot-sticks  are  then  inserted  so  that  the  rounded 
ends  face  the  inside  of  the  back  piece  of  the  aparejo. 
Under  no  circumstances  must  a  boot-stick  be  forced 
into  place  for  then  as  the  leather  dries  the  strain  will 
burst  the  stitching  or  rapidly  wear  a  way  through. 
The  boot-stick  is  introduced  through  the  hand  hole 
and  adjusted  across  the  bottom  of  the  boot,  the  flat 
surface  of  the  boot-stick  to  face  the  inside  belly  piece. 

Now  introduce  through  the  hand  hole  the  largest 
rib,  butt  end  first,  placing  it  in  the  forward  corner  of 
the  boot,  the  end  of  the  stick  resting  against  and  over 
the  flattened  surface  of  the  boot- stick.  The  rib  must 
be  of  the  right  length  and  never  too  long  or  too  short. 

It  is  best  that  the  ribs  be  selected,  or  graded  as 
to  diameter,  in  pairs  so  that  the  corresponding  ribs 
on  each  side  of  the  aparejo  are  put  in  place  practically 
together.  .        ,     . 

Each  rib  should  be  measured  for  the  position  it  is 


THE  APAREJO  27 

to  occupy  before  inserting.  Place  butt  end  on  the 
aparejo  resting  on  the  lower  edge  of  the  boot-stick  in 
line  with  the  stitching  of  collar  at  its  forward  end. 
Cut  the  stick  at  the  place  indicated  by  the  forward 
part  of  the  stitching  and  round  off  the  end. 

The  aparejo  should  be  ribbed  as  described  with  a 
gradually  diminishing  diameter  of  ribs  until  the  for- 
ward half  of  the  ribs  are  in  place.  Then  begin  at  the 
rear  in  the  same  manner  as  described  and  rib  forward, 
beginning  at  the  rear  with  the  rib  of  smallest  diameter 
and   steadily  increasing  toward   the   center. 

The   aparejo   is    now   ribbed. 

Padding  the  Aparejo. — Hay,  of  the  proper  quality, 
is  the  most  easily  obtained  padding  under  almost  all 
circumstances.  The  best  hay  is  the  thin,  wiry  grass 
such  as  is  often  used  for  the  ordinary  packing  of  mer- 
chandise. It  must  be  of  even  quality  and  of  such  a 
character  that  it  does  not  mat,  but  can  be  easily  sep- 
arated and  diminished  in  any  spot  desired  yet  without 
disturbing  or  distorting  the  whole  mass  of  adjoining 
padding.  Mosj  or  similar  substances  may  be  used  in 
emergencies. 

A  stick  for  tamping  is  now  needed  and  the  end  is 
shown  in  the  illustration;  the  grooved  end  shown  is 
for  the  purpose  of  holding  a  grip  on  the  hay. 

Stand  the  aparejo  up  on  its  boots  with  the  hand 
holes  facing  out.  In  small  quantities  the  hay  is  intro- 
duced into  the  aparejo  and  pressed  into  the  corners  of 
the  boots.  Tamp  well  with  the  stick.  The  four  cor- 
ners should  each  be   equal. 

Along  the  center  of  the  boot  the  hay  is  tamped 
lightly.  The  boot  when  tamped  should  have  a  thick- 
ness of  about  4  inches  and  a  depth  of  about  the  same. 

Now  spread  the  aparejo  out  upon  the  ground  with 
the  hand  holes  uppermost.  Examine  it  to  see  that 
the  ribs  are  all  in  place  and  adjust  any  that  have  been 
worked    out    of   position. 

Through  the  hand  holes  introduce  one  layer  of  hay 
spreading  it  evenly  over  the  ribs.  The  tamping  stick 
may  be  used  to  reach  the  more  remote  sections.  Be 
sure  that  the  hay  lies  evenly  and  of  an  equal  thickness, 
without  lumps  or  variations  in  thickness.  Then  lay 
in  a  second  course  of  hay.     Experience  alone  can  de- 


28  HORSE  PACKING 

termine  the  amount — and  the  ease  with  which  more 
may  be  added  or  some  taken  away  makes  this  a  matter 
of  less  importance  than  were  the  paddings  to  be  sewn 
in — but  after  the  hay  has  been  well  settled  in  place  by 
a  little  actual  use  the  thickness  throughout  the  body 
of  the  aparejo  should  be  about  2  inches. 

The  aparejo  should  have  a  rather  thin  appearanc 
and  not  appear  fat  with  padding. 

The  thickness  of  the  padding  at  the  boots  is  4 
inches,  from  this  it  decreases  to  the  hand  holes  to 
about  2  inches.  At  the  top  or  center  the  normal  thick- 
ness extends  to  within  about  4  inches  of  the  center 
stitch  line  and  then  gradually  decreasing  to  the  middle 
seam   where   it   is   practically  nothing. 

This  is  the  basic  padding.  Additional  padding  for 
the  aparejo  is  now  added  in  order  to  conform  to  the 
shape  of  the  animal. 

Each  front  boot  is  now  dressed  or  faced,  as  it  is 
called.  Extra  padding  is  inserted  in  the  front  corner 
to  a  distance  of  about  7  inches  from  the  corner.  The 
original  bed  of  padding  must  not  be  disturbed  in  this 
process;  it  can  be  avoided  by  introducing  the  addi- 
tional padding  with  the  palm  of  the  hand  up.  For 
the  next  4  inches  the  padding  rapidly  decreases  in 
thickness  tow^ard  the  hand  hole. 

The  front  boot  should  be  better  padded  than  the 
rear;  for  ordinary  mules  the  difference  is  about  1  inch 
in  thickness.  This  is  a  matter  of  judgment  and  experi- 
ence and  will  vary  with  the  conformation  of  the  mule; 
the  larger  the  girth  the  more  padding  is  need  to  make 
the   aparejo  sit  well  on  the  animal. 

Under  the  collar  of  the  aparejo  should  now  be  placed 
padding  to  fit  the  withers  of  the  animal.  Insert  the 
hay  with  the  back  of  the  hand  down  so  as  not  to  dis- 
turb the  previous  layer  and  carry  the  hay  well  into 
the  corners  of  the  front.  Increase  the  width  and  depth 
of  the  padding  as  you  get  away  from  the  corners. 
Then  decrease  the  thickness  of  the  padding  as  the  cen- 
ter and  hand  hole  is  approached.  The  thickness  of 
padding  is  governed  by  the  height  to  the  animal's 
withers. 

These  paddings  should  be  of  such  thickness  and  ad- 
justment   that    when    the    aparejo    is    cinched    the    top 


THE  APAREJO 


29 


should  be  level  and  the  bottom  of  each  boot  level  and 
even  with  each  other. 

The  front  edge,  between  the  boot  and  collar  may 
now  have  an  additional  line  of  padding  added  between 
the  boot  and  collar  so  that  the  aparejo  may  better  con- 
form to  the  body  of  the  animal  in   cinching. 

The  aparejo  is  now  set  up. 

Lacing  the  Crupper. —  Fasten  the  leather  thong 
through  the  upper  hole  on  the  crupper.  (There  are  2 
thongs  each  about  seven  feet  long,  one  for  each  side.) 
Lace  the  crupper  to  the  forward  facings  as  shown  in 
the  illustration  so  that  the  tie  shall  come  at  the  last 
hole  of  the  crupper.  The  lacing  must  begin  at  the  top 
and  work  down. 


30  HORSE  PACKING 

To  fasten  Sohre-jalma  or  Aparejo  Cover. — Punch  two 
holes  at  each  end  of  the  aparejo  and  in  the  center 
(they  will  come  just  over  the  back  bone  of  the  animal) 
and  fasten  a  short  thong  in  eacji.  Punch  two  holes 
in  corresponding  positions  in  the  aparejo  cover  or 
sobre-jalma.  Lash  the  sobre-jalma  in  place  with  the 
thongs. 

The  aparejo  is  now  ready  for  use. 

Adjusting    the    Aparejo. — This    can    only    be    done    ap- 


The  Sobre-jalma 
proximately  at  the  time  of  the  first  saddling.  An  ani- 
mal should  be  fitted  with  its  aparejo  and  worked  in  it, 
such  changes  being  made  in  its  padding  as  are  appar- 
ently demanded  so  that  it  will  the  better  conform  to 
the  shape  of  the  animal,  and  such  as  are  needed  from 
time  to  time  by  the  development  of  bunches,  (See 
Care  of  the  Pack  Animal,  Bunches  and  Swellings.) 

Sore  Docks  or  Tails. — Should  the  crupper  cut  the 
animal's  tail  or  dock  it  is  an  indication  that  the  apar- 
ejo does  not  fit  properly;  that  there  is  too  much  filling 
in  the  boots  to  the  rear.  If  the  boots  at  the  rear  are 
too  thickly  filled,  or  the  aparejo  generally  too  heavily 
padded  at  the  rear,  it  cannot  grip  the  animal's  body 
properly  so  as  to  prevent  a  too  great  forward  motion 
in  travel  that  the  crupper  against  the  dock  and  chafes 
it  into  a  sore. 

An  aparejo  should  never  be  less  than  24  inches  wide 
in  order  that  there  may  be  a  sufficient  bearing  surface 
on  the  body  of  the  animal  to  hold  it  properly  in  place. 
With   too   small   a   bearing  surface   the  aparejo   works 


THE  APAREJO 


31 


out  of  its  position  and  either  makes  a  constant  and 
wearing  adjustment  necessary  throughout  the  march  or 
wears  sore  tails. 

Care  of  the  Aparejo. — The  leather  equipment  should 
be  cleaned  whenever  they  become  dirty  with  dirt  and 
grit  or  dust  and  whenever  they  become  saturated  with 
the  sweat  of  the  animal.  Do  not  separate  the  crupper 
from  the  aparejo.  Wash  with  a  lather  of  castile  soap 
and  water.  If  the  leather  is  hard  and  dry  apply  a 
little  neat's-foot  oil  after  the  washing  with  castile 
soap.  The  surplus  oil  should  be  sponged  off  with  soap 
and   water   lightly   applied. 

There  are  in  general  use  the  62,  60,  and  58  inch 
aparejos,  i.  e.,  measuring  from  end  to  end  62,  60,  and 
58  inches,  respectively. 


32  HORSE  PACKING 


CARE    OF  THE   PACK   ANIMAL. 

Sore  Withers. — If  the  aparejo  is  ribbed  with  too 
weak  ribs  it  will  cause  sore  withers;  this  may  lead  to 
thissolow  or  fistula.  The  size  of  ribs  given  in  the  pre- 
ceding pages  is  for  the  ordinary,  standard  Army  load 
of  250  pounds. 

Sore  withers  are  also  caused  by  not  sufficient  pad- 
ding under   the   collar   of  the   aparejo. 

Sore  Loins. — The  causes  are  the  same  for  this  as 
for  sore  withers. 

Note. — It  should  be  emphasized  that  if  too  large 
sticks  used  in  ribbing  are  too  stiff,  they  will  not  easily 
break  in  with  the  shape  of  the  animal.  They  should 
be  used,  only  slightly  heavier,  when  very  heavy  loads 
are  to  be  regularly  carried  for  a  trip,  that  is,  loads  of 
300  pounds  and  upwards. 

But  these  are  matters  that  can  only  be  acquired  by 
actual  experience.  The  printed  page  can  only  outline 
standards   and  possible  variations. 

Bunches  and  Sti^ellings. — A  bunch  is  a  swelling,  a 
puffing  up,  under  the  skin.  It  shows  an  uneven  pres- 
sure or  bearing  in  the  aparejo  or  the  load.  It  is  from 
these  small  bunches  that  the  galls  and  saddle  sores 
develop  under  continuous  use  and  that  have  been  re- 
garded as  a  necessary  incident  of  packing. 

A  bunch  almost  always  is  the  result  of  unevenness 
in  ribbing  or  padding;  in  other  words,  it  is  a  bruise. 
It  is  exactly  parallel  to  the  results  caused  by  a  wrinkle 
in  the  sock  of  a  man  on  a  march.  Slight  in  the  begin- 
ning yet  it  can  break  down  a  marching  man  in  an 
incredibly  short  while.  So  it  is  with  these  bruises  on 
pack  animals. 

To  Cure  a  Bunch  or  Saddle  Swelling. — When  a  bunch, 
however  small,  is  noted  after  unsaddling,  wet 
the  bunch  with  water.  Now  place  the  aparejo  on  the 
animal  carefully  so  that  it  rests  on  the  animal  as  it  has 


CARE  OF  PACK  ANIMAL  33 

been  during  the  march.  Take  it  off  and  observe  where 
the  wet  spot  of  the  bunch  has  left  its  mark  on  the  apar- 
ejo. 

Carefully,  so  as  not  to  disturb  the  rest  of  the  pad- 
ding, take  the  hay  from  under  the  wet  spot  so  that  no 
pressure  for  the  next  march  can  fall  on  the  bunch.  The 
principle  is  identical  with  that  of  treating  corns  with  a 
corn  plaster  or  hollow  pad  on  the  human  foot. 

The  bunch  will  rapidly  subside.  Gradually  replace 
padding  after  a  cure  has  been  effected  where  it  was 
taken   out   until   the   right   quantity   has   been   replaced. 

Even  though  the  end  of  the  march  has  been  reached 
the  animal  having  a  bunch  should  be  loaded  and 
marched  sufficiently  to  reduce  the  bunch.  Ordinarily 
this  will  be  a  matter  of  a  few  hours.  If  the  bunch  is 
not  reduced  it  will  most  likely  form  a  "steadfast" 
which  is  something  on  the  order  of  a  permanent  cal- 
lous. A  neglect  of  thirty-six  hours  is  sufficient  to  pro- 
duce a  steadfast  from  a  bunch,  while  after  a  neglect 
of  but  twenty-four  hours  a  bunch  is  obstinate  and  dif- 
ficult to  reduce.  Bunches  should  be  properly  at- 
tended to. 

Bell^  Bunches. — When  the  bunch  appears  on  the 
belly  of  the  animal  it  is  an  indication  that  the  boots 
of  the  aparejo  have  been  too  heavily  padded,  thereby 
forcing  the  aparejo  to  stand  out  from  the  animal  and 
not  conform  to  its  shape,  and  a.^  a  result  bringing 
a  concentrated  pressure  on  the  belly  with  the  cincha. 
When  such  a  bunch  appears  on  the  belly  all  the  hay 
or  padding  should  be  taken  out  from  the  boot  across 
the  width  of  the  aparejo. 

The  aparejo  should  bend  with  a  certain  springiness 
to  the  shape  of  the  animal;  experience  alone  can  regu- 
late this  and  recognize  its  quality.  The  padding  should 
be  adjusted  to  conform  to  the  irregularities  in  the  form 
of  the  barrel  of  the  animal.  When  these  conditions 
are  present  the  aparejo  is  well  fitted.  Then  it  is  only 
the  character  of  the  load  and  the  difficulties  of  the 
trail  begin  to  make  trouble  with  the  bunches  and 
bruises. 

The  unapproachable  superiority  of  the  aparejo  lies 
in  the  fact  that  it  can  (a)  be  more  perfectly  fitted  to 
varying  animal  conformations  than  any  other  pack 
saddle:    (b)   that  it   can   be   more   easily  changed  under 


34 


HORSE  PACKING 


necessity  after  such  fitting  to  any  other  animal  of  a 
different  conformation;  (c)  that  though  bruises  and 
bunches  can  never  be  prevented  owing  to  the  char- 
acteristic action  of  dead  loads  and  the  difficulties  of 
trails,  yet,  with  the  aparejo,  those  bruises  and  bunches 
can  be  cured  while  continuing  on  the  packing  service 
and  without  injury  to  the  animal. 


DETAILED  SPECIFICATIONS. 

Take    a    60-inch    aparejo    as    a    standard — 60    inches 
long  and  24  inches  wide  throughout  its   entire  length. 


A 

Q) 
@ 

A 

^X»^c 

BODY  OF  APAREJO 
THE  BODY  OF  THE  APAREJO. 


35 


(a)  The  belly  or  body  piece;  (b)  boots  or  end  pieces; 
(c)  boot  facings;  (d)  hand  holes;  (e)  center  facing; 
(f)  front  facing;  (g)  crupper;  (h)  dock  piece;  (i) 
carrier  piece;   (j)  back  piece. 

Note. — The  first  two  items  of  the  above  are  some- 
times referred  to  as  the  "body  pieces." 


THE  BODY. 

To  be  made  of  solid,  fair  leather,  tallow  finish; 
sides  to  be  of  good  spread,  weighing  from  12  to  14 
pounds  to  the  side,  free  of  cuts  and  blemishes. 

Cut  the  back  piece  43i/^  inches  long  and  24  wide. 
Cut  the  belly  or  body  piece  45T/^  inches  long  and  24 
inches   wide. 

Cut  boots  24  inches  long  and  18  inches  wide.  Face 
the  boots  at  each  end  with  a  semicircular  facing,  fac- 
ing to  be  18  inches  long  and  12  inches  wide,  diameter 
of  semicircle  to  be  16  inches.  Facings  to  meet  at 
center  of  boot. 

The  facings  must  be  sewed  on  with  three  seams, 
one-fourth    of   an    inch    from    their    semicircular    edges, 


36  HORSE  PACKING 


and  one  seam  3  inches  from  the  outward  edge  all 
around. 

The  back  piece  has  a  front  facing  from  end  to  end 
of  6i/[  inches  wide.  This  facing  to  be  of  good  solid 
leather,  as  it  is  to  receive  the  crupper  lacings. 

Facing  to  be  sewed  down  with  two  seams  21^  inches 
from  the  inner  edge  for  the  first,  2  inches  from  the  out- 
ward edge  for  the  second. 

This  facing  to  have  5:^-inch  holes  punched  1  inch 
from  the  inner  edge  and  spaced  equally  distant  between 
the   boot   and    center    facing. 

Center  facing  to  be  2-i  inches  long  and  8  inches  wide; 
to  be  placed  at  center  of  back  piece  extending  from 
front  to  rear,  sewed  down,  with  two  seams  on  each 
side  at  the  edge  one-half  of  an  inch  apart.  The  front 
facing   on   back   piece   forms   the   front   of  the   aparejo. 

The  boots  lap  on  to  body  pieces  li/4  inches  on  out- 
side; to  be  sewed  down  with  three  seams  one-fourth 
of  an  inch  apart  and  one-eighth  of  an  inch  from  the 
edges.  In  lapping  inside  to  back  pieces  the  fleshy  side 
of  the  belly  piece  must  face  outward. 

In  closing  up  the  body  care  should  be  taken  to 
have  the  boots  or  ends  doubled  exactly  alike,  so  that 
the  top  of  the  boot  of  belly  piece  will  just  meet  the 
end  of  back  or  body  piece.  The  center  seam  to  be 
sewed  down  to  belly  and  back  pieces,  and  must  posi- 
tively be  in  the  center  of  the  aparejo. 

The  belly  piece  will  have  a  "hand  hole"  5i/4  inches 
long  and  5  inches  wide,  cut  out  in  center  of  belly  piece 
15  inches  from  center  seam  to  center  of  hole. 

Back  piece  to  have  a  hand  hole  of  similar  dimen- 
sions cut  in  center  of  back  or  body  piece,  10  inches 
from  center  seam  to  center  of  hole,  this  hand  hole  to 
be  cut  around  to  within  1  inch  from  either  side  of  cen- 
ter at  top.  This  forms  a  lid  and  is  provided  on  the 
body  in  line  with  this,  one-fourth  of  an  inch  from  edge; 
both  holes  facing  up  and  down. 

On  back  or  body  piece  at  rear  a  slit  12  inches  long 
is  provided;  to  be  2  inches  from  the  outward  or  rear 
edge;  commencing  with  1  inch  above  the  boot,  running 
upward  toward  the  center  seam,  and  provided  with  5 
holes  on  either  side  of  slit,  spaced  equally  distant  to 
receive    lacings.      These    slits    are    for    the    purpose    of 


BODY   OF  APAREJO  37 

introducing  the  inside  frame  or  ribbing  for  aparejo. 

The  "hand  hole''  on  back  or  body  piece  is  provided 
for   guiding   ribs    to   position   in   boot   and   saddle    bars. 

In  front  there  must  be  a  welt  of  good,  solid  leather, 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  wide,  laid  in  between  the  belly 
and  back  pieces,  extending  from  end  to  end,  to  be  sewed 
down,  with  two  seams,  three-eighths  of  an  inch  apart 
and  one-fourth   inch  from   edge. 

In  sewing  along  edge  at  front,  a  space  of  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  must  be  omitted,  counting  31/  inches 
from  center  seam  each  way.  This  to  permit  "key  bar" 
to  pass  through  in  locking  ribs  of  inside  frame. 

Now  punch  two  holes,  three-fourths  of  an  inch  apart; 
the  tirst  at  center  of  space,  corresponding  to  hole  pro- 
vided in  brass  "key  bar,"  the  second  on  the  lower  side, 
and  provide  thong  10  inches  long  to  secure  "key  bar" 
to  aparejo,  both  holes  to  be  "up  and  down." 

The  rear  has  a  similar  welt  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
wide  and  14  inches  long,  extending  7  inches  each  way 
from  center  seam. 

Below  this  the  "carrier"  pieces  are  placed  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  the  crupper,  and  are  arranged  by 
taking  a  piece  of  leather  4  by  8  inches,  of  half  the  thick- 
ness of  the  welt,  folded  the  narrow  way,  slipped  in  ex- 
actly three-fourths  of  an  inch,  leaving  the  folded  part 
out. 

The  extending  part  of  the  "carrier"  pieces  will  have 
three  sets  of  holes  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter two  holes  at  the  upper  end  and  three-fourths  of  an 
inch  apart,  the  first  hole  to  be  1  inch  from  end;  two 
holes  will  be  provided  in  similar  manner  at  opposite 
end,  and  two  holes  in  center  in  similar  manner;  the 
holes  to  be  parallel  with  the  length  of  "carrier"  pieces. 

Thongs  for  each  "carrier"  piece  will  provided  and 
to  be  of  latigo  leather,  12  inches  long  and  five-six- 
teenths of  an  inch  wide. 

From  the  "carriers"  to  the  end  of  the  aparejo  there 
must  be  a  welt  similar  to  that  described  for  the  front; 
the  whole  to  be  sewed  down  with  two  seams  in  similar 
manner  as  described  for  the  front. 

The  collar  that  shapes  the  aparejo  for  the  withers 
must  be  6  inches  wide  and  6  inches  deep;  that  is  to 
say.    6    inches   along   the    front   seam   at   center   and   6 


38  HORSE  PACKING 

inches  back  toward  rear,  shaped  in  this  manner:  Three 
inches  on  each  side  of  center  stitch  Hne  of  the  aparejo, 
run  back  4  inches  parallel  with  center  stitch  line,  then 
run  2  inches  toward  center  stitch  line,  then  back  2 
inches  parallel  with  center  stitch  line,  then  up  to  center 
stitch  line. 

The  center  seam,  like  center  of  collar,  must  posi- 
tively be  in  the  center  of  the  aparejo  and  exactly 
straight  across  the  body. 

It  is  understood  the  collar  is  placed  on  the  front 
as  indicated  by  the  front  facing  of  the  aparejo,  and, 
like  center  seam,  is  sewed  to  back  and  belly  pieces. 

Now  punch  two  holes, "one  on  each  side  of  the  cen- 
ter stitch  line  and  to  be  three-fourths  of  an  inch  apart 
at  front  and  rear,  spaced  equally  distant  from  center 
stitch  line.  These  holes  to  be  provided  between  the 
two  outward  seams  with  thong  10  inches  long  for  lacing, 
to  secure  aparejo  cover  to  aparejo. 

If  using  willow  or  other  sticks  cut  two  slits  2  inches 
long,  one  on  each  side  of  center  stitch  line,  running 
downward  from  center  stitch  line,  slits  to  be  in  center 
of  aparejo.  In  cutting  slits  be  careful  not  to  cut 
through  center  stitch  line. 

If  using  packing  device  cut  two  slits  1  inch  long 
and  three-sixteenths  inch  wide,  counting  4;^  inches 
from  center  seam  of  aparejo  to  center  to  slit  and  1  inch 
from  each  edge 

These  are  for  the  purpose  to  receive  chock  plates 
holding  staples  that  receive  the  side  plates  of  packing 
device,  etc. 

Chock  plates  to  be  13/^  inches  square  and  one-eighth 
of  an  inch  thick;  corners  to  be  rounded  ofif.  To  secure 
chock  plates  to  aparejo  provide  four  holes  three-six- 
teenths of  an  inch  in  diameter,  one  at  each  corner 
spaced  equally  distant,  and  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch 
from  outer  edges. 

These  to  receive  copper  rivets  that  secure  chock 
plates  to  aparejo. 

Next  provide  two  holes  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
apart,  counting  from  center  of  hole  each  way;  there  to 
be  placed  at  center  of  chock  plate  and  are  for  the  pur- 
poses of  receiving  staples. 

Staples  to  be  made  of  3/16-inch  best  steel  rod,  and 


THE  CRUPPER  39 

when  shaped  to  have  a  depth  of  1  inch.  In  shaping 
staples  they  must  have  uniform  width  of  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  from  crown  to  base,  counting  from  center 
to  center  of  staple.  On  extremities  of  staples  provide  a 
shoulder  of  sufficient  depth  to  receive  the  chock  plate 
and  to  be  securely  riveted  thereon. 

Note. — For  62-inch  aparejo  the  body  pieces  are  cut 
2  inches  longer  than  that  for  a  60-inch  aparejo. 

For  58-inch  aparejo  the  body  pieces  are  cut  the  same 
length  as  that  provided  for  the  60-inch,  the  boots  being 
cut  24  inches  long  and  16  inches  wide. 

Of  50  aparejos  make  twenty-five  60  inches  long  and 
24  inches  wide,  thirteen  62  inches  long  and  24  inches 
wide,  and  twelve  58  inches  long  and  24  inches  wide. 

Note. — In  ordering  50  aparejos  the  proportion  of 
sizes  should  be  as  noted  above. 

In  width  they  must  be  uniformly  24  inches  through- 
out their  entire  length;  and  collar  with  center  seam 
must  positively  be  in  the  center  of  the  aparejo. 


THE  CRUPPER 

To  be  of  good,  solid,  fair  leather,  tallow  finish, 
sides  to  be  of  good  spread,  weighing  from  12  to  14 
pounds,  and  free  from  cuts  and  blemishes. 

Standard  size  for  cruppers  to  Be  78  inches  long  and 
12  inches  wide.  To  form  crupper  cut  two  sections  39 
inches  long  and  12  inches  wide. 

At  heaviest  end,  counting  3^  inches  from  one  cor- 
ner, cut  in  4  inches  to  form  dock;  now  describe  a  cut 
upward,  circling  to  within  24  inches  of  opposite  end. 

Now  allow  a  space  of  2  inches  for  dock  and  cut  in 
2  inches,  and  describe  a  cut  downward,  circling  to 
within  24  inches  of  the  opposite  end. 

Half  the  crupper  is  thus  shaped.  Cut  a  correspond- 
ing one  and  lap  both,  allowing  4  inches  for  upper  sur- 
face of  dock,  lap  to  be  sewed  down  in  center  with  two 
seams  one-half  of  an  inch  apart;  length  of  seams  4 
inches;  before  lapping  ends  shave  down  the  under 
surface  at  ends. 

For  top  lacing  provide  a  strip  of  good,  solid  leather 
30  inches   long  and   3   inches   wide,   shaped   to   extend 


40  HORSE  PACKING 

around  dock  to  within  24  inches  of  each  end;  cut  2 
more  strips  same  width  26  inches  long,  lap  2  inches  and 
sew  down  with  two  seams  one-fourth  of  an  inch  from 
each  edge. 

For  bottom  facing  provide  two  strips  of  good  solid 
leather  37  inches  long,  conforming  to  the  shape  of  lower 
edge  of  crupper;  commencing  at  one  end  there  must 
be  a  uniform  width  of  3  inches,  extending  15  inches 
toward  opposite  end,  then  describe  a  cut,  circling  to- 
ward center  of  dock,  greatest  width  to  be  6  inches;  to 
be  sewed  down  three  seams,  outer  seams  to  be  one- 
fourth  of  an  inch  from  outer  edges,  the  third,  or  center 
seam,  to  extend  from  dock  to  within  24  inches  of 
opposite  end. 


To  form  cover  for  dock,  take  a  piece  of  good,  solid 
leather  10  inches  long  and  7  inches  wide  doubled  in 
center  the  long  way,  and  at  center  of  ends  cut  in  3 
inches,  at  end  of  cut  and  in  center,  use  a  ^-inch  hand 
punch  so  that  it  will  fit  down  into  the  dock,  soak  well, 
draw  snug  and  sew  down;  shave  off  the  under  edges  so 
as  to  leave  it  smooth  on  the  animal's  hips. 

Leave  1^  inches  for  dock  and  leave  one  or  both 
ends  open  to  introduce  the  stuffing.  Deer  or  antelope 
hair  is  best  for  the  purpose. 

Stuff  and  form  the  dock  while  the  leather  is  soft. 

In  shaping  the  dock  rub  it  on  top  as  the  stuffing 
is  introduced,  at  the  same  time  bringing  the  ends  of 
the  crupper  together  and  bending  the  ends  of  the  dock 
upward  so  as  to  shape  the  dock  to  the  animal's  tail, 
and  the  butt  of  the  crupper  to  the  animal's  hips. 

Lining  for  crupper  to  be  of  28-inch  No.  10  cotton 
duck,  extending  from  dock  to  within  24  inches  of  end 
each  way;  in  cutting  allow  for  lap  of  1  inch  all  around; 


APAREJO  COVER  OF  SOBRE-JALMA        41 

to  be  sewed  down  with  slanting  stitch  spaced  one-half 
inch  on  upper  and  under  sides.  When  lining  is  in 
position  the  upper  edge  of  the  crupper  on  either  side 
of  dock,  extending  10  inches  each  way,  to  be  bound 
down  with  sheepskin. 

In  sewing  the  upper  edge  of  top  facing  a  space  of 
10  inches  should  be  omitted  to  receive  this  binding, 
binding  to  be  then  sewed  down   in  regular   manner. 

At  each  end  of  crupper  five  ^-inch  holes  are 
punched,  the  first  and  fifth  to  be  in  center  of  top  and 
bottom  facings,  the  rest  spaced  equally  distant  between 
the  first  and  fifth  and  1  inch  from  ends.  On  top  facing 
and  in  center  four  ^'^-inch  holes  are  punched,  measur- 
ing for  the  first  24  inches  from  center  of  dock,  and 
spaced  equally  distant  to  last  hole  on  end  of  top  facing. 

Lacing  for  crupper  to  be  of  best  latigo  leather  one- 
half  inch  wide  and  7  feet  long 

Lacings  to  have  a  slit  at  heavy  end  IY2  inches  long 
in  center  and  three-fourths  of  an  inch  from  end.  These 
to  be  fastened  at  hole  provided  on  end  of  top  facing 
of  crupper. 

THE  APAREJO  COVER  OF  SOBRE-JALMA 

To  be  made  of  No  4,  22-inch  cotton  duck.  The 
canvas  is  cut  4  inches  shorter  than  the  length  of  the 
body  of  the  aparejo.  It  is  faced  on  both  sides  with 
leather  4  inches  wide  from  end  to  end  and  5  inches 
wide  across  ends.  These  facings  when  put  on  must 
be  allowed  to  extend  over  the  sides  and  ends  of  canvas 
so  as  to  make  the  cover  three-eighths  inch  wider  and 
longer  than  the  aparejo;  to  be  sewed  with  seam  at 
each  edge.  The  sewing  on  end  or  bottom  facings  must 
extend  to  ends  of  facings. 

The  protecting  sticks  or  shoes  to  be  21  inches  long, 
2%  inches  wide,  and  three-fourths  of  an  inch  thick, 
taper  the  ends  on  one  side  to  half  the  thickness  at  ends, 
extending  5-}^  inches  toward  center  from  each  end,  and 
taper  on  edges  from  center  to  a  width  of  1  inch  at  ends; 
to  be  placed  in  center  of  facings  across  ends. 

In  tapering  sticks  do  not  allow  a  ridge  in  center. 
The  protecting  sticks  or  shoes  to  be  faced  at  each  end, 
facing  to  be  placed  so  as  to  leave  an  exposed  surface 
of  10  inches  wide  in  center;  to  be  sewed  down  with 
two  seams  one-half  inch  apart. 


43  HORSE  PACKING 

Now  punch  two  holes  three-fourths  of  an  inch  from 
edge  of  center,  in  front  and  rear,  and  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  apart.     This  to  secure  aparejo  cover  to  aparejo. 

If  using  packing  device  provide  two  strips  of  leather 
15  inches  long  and  one-half  inch  wide  these  to  be 
placed  at  front  and  rear  and  in  center  of  aparejo  cover, 
counting  from  each  edge  1%  inches,  and  to  be  sewed 
down  with  two  seams  3  inches  long  and  secured  at 
each  end  of  sewing  by  copper  rivets.  Now  counting 
5  inches  each  way  from  center  of  sobre-jalma  at  front 
and  rear  provide  a  slit  1  inch  long  and  three-sixteenths 
of  an  inch  wide,  slits  to  be  parallel  with  the  center  of 
width  of  sobre-jalma.  These  to  receive  staples  that 
secure  the  side  plates  of  packing  device. 


THE  APAREJO  CINCHA 

To  be  made  of  No.  4,  22-inch  cotton  duck.  The 
canvas  to  be  8  inches  longer  than  the  aparejo  for 
which  intended,  and  folded  so  as  to  make  two  thick- 
nesses 10  inches  wide;  the  lap  to  be  sewed  together 
with  two  seams  and  to  be  considered  the  surface  side. 

For  mountain  battery  service  the  canvas  will  be  cut 
10  inches  longer  than  the  aparejo  for  which  intended. 

One  end  of  the  cincha  to  be  supplied  with  a  section 
of  ^-inch  gas  pipe,  flattened  at  ends  and  curved  so  as 
to  take  the  place  of  a  ring,  to  pass  the  latigo  or  tighten- 
ing strap  around;  when  shaped  must  be  1  inch  less  than 
the  width  of  the  cincha.  Flattened  ends  to  be  pro- 
vided with  holes  punched  l-Yz  inches  from  ends,  to 
receive  No.  8  copper  rivets  to  hold  it  in  place.  This 
iron  is  fastened  to  cincha  by  two  pieces  of  good,  solid 
leather,  11  inches  long  and  5^  inches  wide  and  riveted 
to  iron.  Place  one  end  of  canvas  between  the  folds  of 
leather  facing  and  sew  down  with  three  seams,  two 
seams  one-half  inch  apart,  on  outer  edge,  and  one 
seam  around  edge  of  hole.  This  hole  to  be  3  inches 
wide  and  3->^  inches  long,  shaped  half  oval.  The  shape 
half  oval  to  be  up  and  down. 

This  for  the  latigo  or  tightening  strap  to  pass 
through.      The    reverse    end    of    cincha    is    faced    with 


THE  APAREJO   CINCHA  43 

leather  sy^  inches  on  inside,  10  inches  wide  and  10 
inches  long,  cut  conical  shape  on  outside.  Fold  1^/2 
inches  from  square  end  and  lay  into  this  fold  a  5-16-inch 
iron  rod  9  inches  long;  lay  it  over  end  of  cincha  and 
sew  down  with  one  seam  across  the  end,  so  as  to  catch 
the  short  or  under  side  of  facing,  and  two  seams  one- 
half  inch  apart  along  the  edge  of  conical  facing.  Care 
must  be  taken  that  the  sewing  extends  to  ends,  so 
that  the  5-16-inch  iron  rod  will  not  escape. 

Fifteen  inches  from  strap  or  rod  end  of  cincha  sew 
on  a  round  piece  of  leather  3  inches  in  diameter  on 
outside  of  cincha;  punch  two  ^-inch  holes,  one  inch 
apart  in  center.     This  to  hold  fastening,  or  linger  loop, 


as  it  is  termed,  and  should  be  of  good,  solid  leather. 
Thong  for  fastening  loop  to  be  12  inches  long  and 
one-half  of  an  inch  wide,  of  best  latigo  leather,  secured 
underneath,  allowing  as  much  loop  to  extend  on  outside 
as  possible.  Its  use  is  to  hold  end  of  latigo  or  tighten- 
ing strap  when  the  aparejo  is  cinched  on  the  animal. 

The  latigo  or  tightening  strap  to  be  from  7  to  8 
feet  long;  width,  1^  inches  at  heavy  end  and  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  at  light  end. 

The  rendering  ring  in  heavy  end  of  tightening  or 
cincha  strap  to  be  of  3-inch  breeching  ring,  dropped 
into  a  bight,  lapped  2^/^  inches  inward;  drop  into  lap 
the  3-inch  ring,  double  over  so  as  to  leave  a  space  of 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  from  end  of  strap  to  the  inside 
of  lap.     This  loop  is  for  the  lace  string  to  pass  through. 

Rivet  in  center  of  folds  and  sew  down  two  seam§. 


44  HORSE  PACKING 

The  lacing  for  fastening  straps  to  cincha  to  be  one- 
half  inch  wide  and  6  feet  long;  to  be  of  best  latigo 
leather. 

The  conical  facing  to  be  provided  with  three  ^-incli 
holes,  two  6  inches  apart  and  one-half  inch  from  rod, 
the  third  in  center  and  1  inch  from  top. 

To  fasten  cincha  and  latigo  strap  with  lacing,  bring 
the  ends  together  and  pass  through  hole  at  center  from 
underneath,  allowing  a  loop  of  one-half  inch  to  remain 
underneath,  separate  ends,  and  pass  down  through 
holes  at  end. 

Take  the  folds  of  latigo,  ring  up,  and  pass  the  right 
end  of  lacing  through  loop  from  right  to  left  and  into 
left-hand  hole  in  cincha  from  above,  pulling  sufficient 
through  to  pass  into  the  loop  in  center  underneath, 
about  G  inches. 

Take    the    left-hand    lacing    and    pass    through    loop 
from  left  to  right;  continue  and  finish  as  before. 
THE  CORONA 

To  be  three  thicknesses  of  blanket;  the  first  or 
top  blanket  to  be  of  first-class  kersey  material,  free 
from  shoddy  or  any  impure  material;  to  be  of  uniform 
color,  gray  preferred,  and  two  thicknesses  of  fair 
quality,  together  equaling  the  strength  of  the  first  or 
top  blanket. 

To  be  2  inches  wider  and  10  inches  shorter  than 
the  aparejo  for  which  intended;  to  be  faced  through 
center  from  front  to  rear  with  kersey  material  con- 
trasting in  color  with  body  14  inches  wide;  to  be  sewed 
down  with  one  seam  on  edges  and  one  seam  through 
center  to  first  thickness  or  top  blanket. 

For  border  provide  light  canvas  webbing  of  brown 
khaki  color  3  inches  wide,  lapped  under,  underpinning 
all  around,  so  as  to  leave  a  surface  of  2  inches  on  top 
or  outer  surface  of  corona;  to  be  sewed  down  with  2 
seams,  one-fourth  of  an  inch  from  the  inner  edge  for 
the  first  and  l'>^  inches  for  the  second. 

Center  of  one  side  of  top  blanket  is  provided  with 
a  numeral,  8  inches  high,  numbers  running  from  1  to 
50,  sewed  down  to  first  thickness  or  top  blanket.  Good 
tanned  sheepskin  is  required  for  the  purpose.  The  two 
thicknesses  of  underpinning  to  be  basted  down  to  first 
thickness   or  top  blanket. 


PACKERS*  BLINDS  45 

Sweat  cloth  to  be  of  No.  10  28-inch  cotton  duck, 
one  inch  wider  on  sides  and  ends,  lapped  under  to 
come  flush  with  edge  of  corona  all  around;  to  be  sewed 
with  "T-stitch,"  the  same  under  as  well  as  over,  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  apart  and  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
from    edges.     The    stitch    must    lap    on    edge    over    all. 

PACKERS'  BLINDS 

To  make  a  cup  blind  take  a  piece  of  good,  solid 
leather,  26  inches  long  and  6^  inches  wide;  cut  and 
shape  to  leave  it  3  inches  wide  at  ends  and  center  and 
6^  inches  midway  between  ends  and  center. 

Now  leave  a  space  of  five-eighths  of  an  inch  at 
center  of  cup  and  cut  out  a  piece  on  each  side,  V  shape, 
1^  inches  at  edges;  on  the  under  side  channel  cut  and 
sew  together  to  form  cup. 

Face  edges  with  strap,  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
wide  and  long  enough  to  come  within  2  inches  of  ends; 
shave  ends  to  slope  and  sew  down  with  two  seams. 

Punch  two  holes  three-fourths  of  an  inch  apart  and 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  from  ends;  cut  out  between 
for  tail  thongs  to  pass  through.  For  thongs  cut  a 
strip  of  best  latigo  leather  five-eighths  of  an  inch  wide 
and  5  feet  long;  shave  ends  to  slope  and  pass  through 
slit  at  ends. 

For  end  facings  take  a  piece  of  leather  6-^  inches 
square,  double  and  shape  to  end;  punch  two  holes  in 
center  of  double  three-fourths  of  an  inch  apart  and 
cut  out  between;  soak  well  and  slip  thongs  through 
slit;  draw  up  snug  and  sew  down  with  one  seam  on 
edges.  Thongs  to  be  sewed  dowm  through  center  9 
inches  from  each  end  of  blind,  thongs  to  be  lapped  and 
riveted  at  end  of  sewing. 

For  thumb  piece  take  a  piece  of  leather  12  inches 
long  and  3%  inches  wide;  punch  and  slit  in  1  inch 
from  edge  and  3  inches  from  ends  on  each  side.  Lap 
the  sides  inward,  so  as  to  catch  edges,  and  sew  down 
with  one  seam.  Draw  it  well  together  and  cut  ends, 
so  as  to  shape  in  between  straps;  place  in  center  of 
crown  and  sew  down  with  one  seam  on  edge,  and  rivet 
on  each  side  of  crown. 


46  HORSE  PACKING 

THE  PACK  COVER  OR  MANTA 

The  Pacl^  Cover  should  be  made  of  fairly  heavy  duck 
(No.  4  cotton  duck)  and  should  be  when  finished  6  feet 
square. 

It  is  used  to  gather  into  one  pack  a  collection  of 
small  articles,  to  protect  them  from  the  elements  in 
transit,  from  rough  and  frequent  usage,  and  it  adapts 
itself  to  any  form  or  shape  of  equipment.  Ordinarily 
it  should  be  always  used.  A  net  of  rope  or  rawhide 
is  almost  invariably  used  in   South  America. 

For  equipment  that  is  constantly  in  use  and  that 
must  be  easily  accessible  while  on  the  march  the  kyacks 
or  alforjas  are  better. 

These  are  nothing  but  great  saddle  bags  of  heavy 
canvas  or  leather  and  with  inner  and  outer  pockets, 
subdivisions,  etc.,  to  suit  the  individual  taste,  and  pro- 
tected with  overlapping  flaps  and  buckled  straps.  Boxes, 
specially  and  strongly  made  for  such  purposes,  are 
also  recommended  for  such  frequent  access  when  on 
the  trail. 

But  for  the  main  packing  of  staple  equipment  the 
pack  cover  is  best. 

It  is  also  useful  in  emergencies  to  make  a  litter,  or 
stretcher   or  travois. 

LASH  ROPE  WITH  CINCHA  AND  HOOK 

Lash  rope,  standard  size  to  be  nine-sixteenths 
or  one-half  inch  best  hand-laid  manila,  50  feet  long, 
provided  with  an  eye  at  one  end  to  receive  lacing  of 
cincha,  the  opposite  end  to  be  well  wrapped  or  seized. 

SLING  ROPES 

To  be  made  of  ^-inch  best  hand-laid  manila, 
wrapped  or  seized  at  each  end,  and  to  be  30  feet  long. 

LAIR  ROPES 

To  be  made  of  5^-inch  best  hand-laid  manila, 
to  be  provided  with  an  eye  at  one  end,  the  opposite 
end  to  be  well  wrapped  or  seized,  and  to  be  30  feet 
long. 


HICKORY   RIBS  47 


HICKORY  RIBS 

To  be  of  sound  second  growth  straight-grained 
hickory,  free  of  knots  or  other  blemishes;  23  inches 
long,  1  inch  wide,  and  three-eighths  of  an  inch  thick 
for  60-inch  aparejos;  24  inches  long  for  62-inch  apare- 
jos,  and  22  inches  long  for  58-inch  aparejos. 

In  a  half  set  of  nine  ribs,  the  third  has  a  taper  of 
8  inches  at  its  upper  end,  thickness  at  end  to  be  three- 
sixteenths  of  an  inch;  for  the  fourth,  fifth,  sixth,  seventh, 
eighth,  and  ninth,  successively,  a  gain  of  2  inches  in  the 
taper  is  provided. 

On  one  side  at  bottom  and  2  inches  therefrom, 
numerals  indicating  the  size  of  the  aparejo,  with  num- 
ber of  rib,  will  be  stamped  thereon,  a  hyphen  or  dash 
to  be  used  in  separating  the  number  of  ribs  from  the 
number  of  aparejo. 

In  numbering  the  set  of  nine  ribs,  commence  with 
the  two  that  are  not  tapered;  these  to  be  numbered 
1  and  2  each. 

Two  half  sets  of  nine  ribs  each  comprise  a  complete 
set  for  one  aparejo. 

In  lots  of  50  sets,  25  to  be  23  inches  long;  13  to 
be  24  inches  long,  and  12  to  be  22  inches  long, 
respectively. 

HAY 

Hay  to  be  free  of  joints,  or  what  is  known  as 
"swamp"  hay;  that  is,  fine,  soft,  elastic  hay,  and  for 
each  aparejo  6  pounds  will  be  considered  sufficient. 


48 


HORSE  PACKING 


Lash  Rope  with  belly  band  and  wooden  hook.  The 
wooden  hook  is  the  crook  of  a  tree  whittled  down  to 
form. 

Detail  of  wooden  hook  and  method  of  fastening  to 
belly  band. 


LASH  ROPE 


49 


Blackwall   hitch   on   wooden   hook    to   hold   turns  of 
hitch  in  place  temporarily. 


50 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  1. 
TO  FASTEN  THE  LATICO 

The  Latigo  is  the  strap  by  which  the  girth  or  cincha 
of  a  saddle  is  made  fast  to  a  ring  attached  to  the  saddle 
or  to  the  other  end  of  a  girth  or  cincha. 

In  cinching,  the  Latigo  is  passed  through  the  ring 
from  the  outside  through  to  the  inside.  Then  down 
to  the  ring  in  which  the  Latigo  itself  is  permanently 
attached;  through  that  from  the  inside  to  the  outside 
and  up. 

Then  from  the  outside  through  the  upper  ring  but 
passing  under  and  out  at  the  right  of  the  ring. 

Bring  the  strap  around  to  the  left  horizontally  and 
then  pass  it  to  the  left  around  back  of  the  ring  and 
then  out  through  the  ring  to  the  front. 

The  position  of  the  Latigo  is  now  shown  in  Fig.  1. 


TO   FASTEN  THE  LATIGO 


51 


Fig.  2. 


Pass  the  end  of  the  Latigo  down  through  the  hori- 
zontal loop  of  strap  on  the  outside.  Cinch  and  pull 
the   end   tightly.     This   will   hold. 

The  position  of  the  Latigo  is  now  as  shown  in  Fig.  2. 


52 


HORSE  PACKING 


TO  LAIR  UP  A  PACK 


Fig.  1. 


The  cargo  being  weighed  and  balanced  to  lair  up  a  paclf:. 


Fig.  /.  The  Pacl^er  spreads  out  a  Pack  Cover  on  the 
ground.  On  it  he  arranges  the  weighed  cargo  for 
one  pack  in  such  a  manner  that  it  shall  be  squared 
— as  nearly  as  possible  at  the  corners  and  ends — 
and  its  sides  shall  be  diagonal  to  the  sides  of  the 
pack  cover.     (Fig.  I.  suggests  this  process.) 


TO   FASTEN   THE   LATIGO  53 


Fig.  2. 

Fig.  2.  The  Packer  then  folds  one  corner  of  the  pack 
cover  over  the  pack,  drawing  it  smooth  and  as  free 
as  possible  from  folds,  and  then  turning  under  the 
corner  of  the  pack  cover  holds  it  in  place  with 
his  knee. 

The  position   of  the   pack   cover   is    now   shown  in 
Fig.  2. 


54 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  3.  The  Packer  then  folds  over  the  opposite  corner 
of  the  pack  cover,  keeping  it  smooth  as  possible, 
turns  under  the  corner  and  holds  it  down  on  the 
pack.  If  possible  it  should  overlap  the  first  corner 
of  the  pack  cover. 

The   position   of  the  pack   cover   is   now   shown   in 
Fig.  3. 


TO   FASTEN   THE   LATIGO 


55 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  4.  Both  of  the  other  ends  of  the  pack  cover  are 
now  brought  up  and  over  the  pack  in  the  same 
manner  as  indicated  for  the  first  corners.  The 
pack  cover  should  be  kept  as  smooth  as  possible 
and  neat  at  the  corners. 

The  Packer  now  slips  under  the  pack  the  lair  rope, 
its  length  running  with  the  long  axis  of  the  pack, 
or  down  the  center  if  it  be  a  square  pack. 
He  passes  the  end  of  the  lair  rope  through  the  loop 
at  the  other  end.  (If  no  loop  is  already  spliced 
in  the  lair  rope  a  bowline  will  do  as  well.) 
The  position  of  the  pack  cover  and  lair  rope  is  now 
as  shown  in  Fig.  4. 


56 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  5.  The  Packer  passes  the  end  of  the  lair  rope  to 
the  left  making  a  complete  turn  around  the  pack 
at  its  upper  end  and  then  passes  the  end  under 
the  loop  and  out  between  the  end  of  the  pack  and 
first  turn.  (With  some  packs  it  is  also  necessary 
to  take  a  half  turn  with  the  lair  rope  on  the  other 
side  of  the  pack  around  the  standing  part.  Judge- 
ment alone  can  decide  this.) 

The  position  of  the  pack  cover  and  lair  rope  is  now 
as  shown  in  Fig.  5. 

Fig.  6.  The  Packer  now  brings  the  lair  rope  down 
on  the  other  end  of  the  pack  making  a  half  hitch 
around  the  pack.  He  passes  the  end  of  the  rope 
around  the  pack,  lengthwise,  and  following  the 
first    loop    around    the    pack,    back    to    the    spliced 


TO   FASTEN   THE  LATIGO 


57 


loop.  (The  same  remark  applies  as  to  the  neces- 
sity of  taking  a  half  turn  around  the  standing  part 
on  the  back  of  the  pack.     If  so  a  half  hitch  cannot 


Fig.  6. 
be  used  but  the  lair  rope  must  be  followed  round, 
turn  by  turn.) 

The  position   of   the   pack   cover   and  lair   rope   is 
now  as  shown  in  Fig.  6. 


58 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  7.  The  Packer  brings  out  the  end  of  the  lair  rope 
a  little  to  one  side  of  the  loop  and  takes  a  half 
turn  around  the  first  transverse  rope  (first  trans- 
verse turn  shown  in  Fig.  5)  in  such  a  manner  that 
the  lair  rope  leads  forward  to  the  second  trans- 
verse turn  (second  transverse  turn  shown  in  Fig.  6.) 
The  Packer  now  cinches  the  pack — if  he  has  not 
kept  the  lair  rope  taut  as  he  went — and  makes  fast 
to  the  second  transverse  turn. 

The  pack  and  lair  rope  are  now  as  shown  in  Fig.  7. 
Note. — A  slip  knot  is  generally  amply  secure  for 
the  lair  rope,  it  can  be  undone  in  rainy  weather 
when  wet.  A  hard  knot  is  exceptional  in  any  of 
the  steps  or  phases  of  pack  transportation,  and 
only  when  there  is  a  special  reason  therefor. 


TO   FASTEN   THE   LATIGO 


59 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  8.       If  a  longer  pack  is  required  it  should  be  laired 
up   as   just   described   but   with    3    transverse    turns 
instead  of  2. 
It  is  shown  in  Fig.  8. 


60  HORSE  PACKING 


SLINCINC  THE  CARGO 

Normally  two  men  make  the  loads,  sling  the  cargo 
and  throw  the  hitch.  All  of  the  operations  can  be  done 
by  one  man  acting  entirely  alone  as  described  else- 
where. 

This  is  described  for  two  packers,  No.  I  and  No.  2 
as  they  are  designated  for  convenience.  No.  I  is  in 
charge.  He  takes  position  on  the  near  side  of  the 
mule  while  No.  2  takes  position  on  the  off  side  and 
opposite  the  aparejo. 


The   loads   being   balanced,   to  sling   cargos 

Fig.  I.  No.  I  takes  the  sling  rope,  forms  a  bight  with 
the  apex  at  about  the  middle  of  the  rope. 
He  then  throws  it  across  the  aparejo  to  No.  2; 
he  then  sees  that  the  two  parts  on  his  side  are 
properly  separated  according  to  the  size  of  the 
loads. 

No.  2  adjusts  the  bight  on  the  far  side  according 
to  the  size  or  shape  of  the  load  (making  a  larger 


SLINGING  THE  CARGO 


61 


sssssss 


0 


Fig-  1- 
bight,   or  passing  back   some   of  the   bight   if   it   is 

too  large  or  hangs  too  low. 

The  position  of  the  sling  rope  is  now  as  indicated 

in  Fig.  I. 

Fig.  2.      No.  1    lifts   the    one   load   to   the   ridge    of   the 

aparejo  where   he  balances  it  until  he  hears  No.  2 

call: 

"Ease  away." 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  2. 
At  this  No.  I  lets  go  and  picks  up  the  second  load. 
No.  2  balances  the  load  on  the  ridge  of  the  aparejo 
with  one  hand  while  with  the  other  he  lifts  the 
bight  of  the  sling  rope  and  lifts  it  up  and  against 
the  load  forming  a  sling.  He  holds  the  load 
slightly  balanced  on  the  off  side  of  the  aparejo. 
The  position  of  the  sling  and  load  is  now  as  indi- 
cated in  Fig.  2. 


SLINGING  THE  CARGO 


63 


Fig.  3. 

Fig.  3.       No.  I   now  lifts   the  second  load  into  position 
as  high  on  the  aparejo  as  he  conveniently  can.     He 
commands: 
"Rope." 

No.  2  lifts  the  bight  and  pushes  it  towards  him. 
No.  I   holds  his   load  in  place  an  instant  with  his 
hand  or  shoulder   (or  if  the  load  be  too  heavy  or 


64  HORSE  PACKING 

awkward  by  balancing  it  a  second  on  top  of  the 
mule  while  No.  2  holds  the  full  weight  from  his 
side)  and  seizes  the  forward  free  end  of  the  sling 
rope. 

This  rope  No.  I  passes  through  the  bight  passed 
him — or  as  it  is  being  held  for  him — by  No.  2. 
Holding  this  one  end  taut  he  seizes  the  rear  end 
of  the  sling  rope  and  brings  the  two  ends  together. 
The  loads  now  rest  in  their  slings  with  slight  effort 
while  No.  I  ties  the  two  ends  in  a  slip  knot. 
The  position  of  the  cargo  and  sling  rope  and  the 
duty  of  No.  2  is  now  as  indicated  in  Fig.  3. 


Fig.  4.     The  sling  should  be  tightened  so  that  both 

loads — if  they  are  the  ordinary,  normal  loads — ride 

rather    high,    that    is,    the    lower    inside    angles    or 

sides  should  about  meet  on  the  ridge  or  the  center 

of  the  aparejo. 

The    loads    should    be    perfectly    balanced   with    an 

even  weight  or  strain  on  each   side. 

A  little  lifting  and  shifting,  without  tightening  or 

loosening  the  sling  rope  is  often  necessary.     Actual 

practice  alone  can  determine  this  point.     It  is  No.  / 

who  takes  charge  of  this. 


SLINGING  THE  CARGO 


65 


Fig.  4. 
If  he  wishes  to  adjust,  he  commands: 
"Brake." 

At  this  No.  2  lifts  the  off  load  and  assists  in  placing 
the  loads  according  to  the  suggestions  of  No.  I. 
The  cargo  and  sling  rope  are  now  in  the  position  as 
indicated  in  Fig.  4. 


66  HORSE  PACKING 


THE  ONE-MAN  CARGO  SLING 


The  pac}(s  being  balanced,  to  sling  the  cargo  tvith  hut  one  pacJ^er: 

Fig.  I.  The  Packer  first  loops  the  lash  rope  over  the 
sobre-jalma  in  such  a  manner  that  one  bight  falls 
on  the  off  side  and  half  on  the  sobre-jalma 
forward  and  the  free  end  comes  back  across  the 
mule's  neck  to  the  near  side  again. 
The  second  and  rear  bight  passes  in  a  like  manner 
across  the  rear  of  the  sobre-jalma  with  the  free 
end  returning  and  lying  across  the  mule's  rump. 


ONE-MAN  CARGO  SLING 


67 


Fig.  1. 
The  middle  section  between  both  bights  is  caught 
under  both  corners   of  the  sobre-jalma  on  the  near 
side. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated 
in  Fig.  /. 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  2. 
Fig.  2.     The  Pac}(er  now  forms  a  bight  with  the  sling  rope 
and  passes   it   across   the   sobre-jalma   in   the   same 
manner  as  though  it  was  to  be  laid  with  the  help 
of  another  man. 

The  position  of  the  lash  and  sling  ropes  is  now  as 
indicated  in  Fig.  2. 


ONE-MAN  CARGO  SLING 


69 


Fig.  3. 
Fig.  3.     The  Packer  now  lifts  the  one  load  and  balances 
it  on  the  top  of  the  sobre-jalma.  (Fig.  3.) 
Holding  it  in  place  with  the  left  hand  he  takes  the 
free  end  of  the  lash   rope   that    lies    to    the    rear    and 
throws  it  forward  and  over  the  load. 
Balancing  the  load  for  a  second  now  with  his  right 


70  HORSE  PACKING 

hand  he  takes  the  free  end  of  the  lash  rope  that  lies 
forward  and  throws  it  to  the  rear  and  over  the 
load. 

He  now  reaches  and  brings  forward  the  free  end  of 
the  rear  lash  rope,  passing  it  well  under  the  sobre- 
jalma,  and  brings  it  forward  and  up  from  under  the 
sobre-jalma. 

Holding  both  free  ends  in  one  hand,  he  takes  up 
slack  on  both  bights  until  the  load  lies  lightly  in 
them.  He  determines  this  by  gently  working  the 
load  off  the  middle  ridge  of  the  sobre-jalma  so  that 
it  falls  of  its  own  weight  over  on  the  off  side.  It 
should  remain  well  up. 

The  Pacl^er  now  ties  the  two  free  ends  in  a  slip-knot. 
The  position  of  the  load  and  lash  rope  is  now  as 
indicated  in  Fig.  3,  except  that  the  load  is  still  bal- 
anced at  the  moment  in  the  diagram  and  has  not 
settled  into  the  bights  or  slings. 

Fig.  4.  The  Pacl^er  now  passes  to  the  off  side  of  the 
mule  and  throws  the  bight  of  the  sling  rope  back 
across  the  off  side  load  over  to  the  rear  side. 


ONE-MAN  CARGO  SLING 


71 


The  position  of  the  lash  and  sling  ropes  is  now  as 
indicated  in  Fig.  4. 
Fig.  5.     Passing  to  the  near  side  again  the  Packer  now 
lifts  the  near  load  into  position   as   described  for 
slinging  cargo  with  two  men.     He  takes  the  free 


72 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  5. 
end  of  the  forward  part  of  the  sling  rope,  passes 
it  up  and  through  the  bight  in  the  sling  rope  and 
makes  both  ends  of  the  sling  rope  fast  with  a  slip 
knot. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope,  sling  rope  and  cargo 
is  now  as  indicated  in  Fi§.  5. 


ONE-MAN  CARGO  SLING 


73 


Fig.  6 
Fig.  6.     The  Pacl^er  casts  off  the  lash  rope  and  the  cargo 
is  now  slung.    The  position  of  the  cargo  and  sling 
is  now  indicated  in  Fig.  6. 

The  cargo  is  worked  and  adjusted  into  position 
now  in  the  same  manner  as  described  for  two  men, 
except,  of  course,  that  the  one  man  passes  from 
side  to  side  as  he  lifts  and  tests  the  cargo  adjust- 
ment. 


74 


HORSE  PACKING 


DOUBLE  SLINC 

This  is  used  for  long  packs. 

The  sling  rope  is  laid  as  for  the  ordinary  sling  ex- 
cept that  the  bight  is  spread  as  far  apart  as  possible. 

The  ends  of  the  sling  are  tied  separately  to  the  for- 
ward and  rear  parts  of  the  sling  rope  as  shown  in  the 
diagram. 


CROSS   SLING 


75 


CROSS  SLING 

This  sling  is  used  when  a  Top  Load  is  to  be  packed. 


Fig.  1. 

The  pac1(s  being  balanced  to  load  them  ivith  the  Cross  Sling: 

Fig.  I.  No.  I.  takes  the  sling  rope  at  the  middle  and 
throws  both  ends  across  the  mule  to  No.  2.  No.  I 
holds  sufficient  of  the  bight  of  the  sling  rope  so 
that  it  will  come  about  to  the  top  of  the  off  load. 
No.  2  arranges  the  ends  thrown  to  him  at  the  proper 
distance  for  the  pack  and  dropping  to  the  ground 
parallel  with  the  sides  of  the  sobre-jalma.  He  then 
lifts  the  off  pack  in  place,  holds  it  there  while  he 
brings  up  the  ends  of  the  two  ropes  and  throws 
them,  over  the  off  pack,  back  to  No.  /. 
The  position  of  the  sling  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fi§.  I, 


70 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  2.    No.  1  now  lifts  the  bight  and  hands  it  to  No.  2 
who  holds  it  against  his  pack. 

No.  1  now  lifts  his  near  pack  in  place  on  the  two 
ropes  passed  back  to  him  by  No.  2.  He  brings  the 
forward  end  of  the  sling  rope  through  the  bight  of 
rope  held  by  No.  2  for  him.  He  then  brings  up  the 
rear  end  of  the  sling  rope  and  ties  it  with  the 
forward  end. 

The  position  of  the  sling  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  2. 


CROSS  SLING 


77 


Fig.  3.  The  sling  is  now  drawn  taut  and  the  packs 
shifted  into  position.  In  order  to  more  clearly 
show  the  effect  of  this  sling,  the  diagram  of  Fig.  3 
has  been  given  a  slightly  more  realistic  perspec- 
tive. It  shows  the  manner  in  which  the  top  load 
may  be  placed  without  interference  with  the  slmg 
ropes. 

Note.— A  top  load  should  al-B>a}fs  bear  or  rest  evenly  on  the  side 
pac1(5. 


78  HORSE  PACKING 


SINGLE  DIAMOND  HITCH 

This  hitch  is  the  most  important  hitch  in  pack  ani- 
mal transportation.  With  trifling  variations  of  detail, 
it  is  found  all  over  the  United  States  as  far  as  the 
Arctic  Circle  and  throughout  Central  and  South  Amer- 
ica wherever  mules  or  burros  are  used  for  packing. 
It  is  the  one  best  all-around  hitch.  To  avoid  confusion 
in  the  diagrams,  the  sling  ropes  are  not  shown. 


The  Load  Being  Balanced  and  Slung   to    Throro   the  Single 
Diamond  Hitch 

Fig.  /.  The  plan  of  the  mule  and  the  pack  saddle,  as  if 
one  were  looking  down  upon  it,  ready  to  receive 
the  cargo.  It  is  drawn  in  an  arbitrary  manner  to 
simplify  the  succession  of  phases  as  the  hitch 
progresses. 


SINGLE  DIAMOND   HITCH  79 


Fig.  1. 


80 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  2. 
Fig.  2.  No.  2  passes  the  cincha  and  hook  under  the 
belly  of  the  mule  to  No.  I  who  grasps  the  hook. 
No.  2  then  reserves  a  good  sized  bight  next  to  the 
cincha  of  the  lash  rope,  throws  the  free  part 
forward  across  the  mule's  neck,  allowing  the 
free  end  of  the  lash  rope  to  fall  down  still  on  his, 
the  off  side. 


SINGLE  DIAMOND   HITCH  81 


No. 2  now  arranges  the  rear  bight  so  that  it  will 
lie  on  the  rear  part  of  the  off  load,  drop  in  be- 
tween the  cargoes,  along  the  backbone  of  the 
aparejo.  No.  I  assists  from  his  side  in  so  laying 
the  lash  rope  and  seeing  that  it  passes  over  and 
rests  on  the  forward  part  of  the  near  load. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3.  No.  2  now  takes  the  bight  next  to  the  cincha 
(the  standing  part  of  the  rope)  and  throws  across 
to  No.  1  with  a  twist  of  the  wrist. 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  3. 

No.  I  seizes  it  and  engages  the  standing  part  of  the 
bight  with  the  hook  of  the  cincha  on  his  side.  He 
then  pulls  up  the  slack  lightly. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 
Fig.  3. 


SINGLE  DIAMOND   HITCH 


83 


Fig.  4. 

Fig.  4.  No.  I  then  throws  his  part  of  the  bight  forward, 
No.  2  at  the  same  time  on  the  ofif  side  assisting  and 
throwing  the  bight  forward  and  over  the  standing 
part  of  the  lash  rope. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  4. 


84 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  5.  No,  2  carries  the  bight  or  loop  forward  of  the 
oflf  cargo  so  that  it  will  fall  forward  and  around  the 
oft  load  and  then  brings  the  bight  back  and  under 
the  standing  part  of  the  lash  rope. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  5. 


SINGLE  DIAMOND  HITCH 


95 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  6.  No.  2  loops  this  bight  over  and  down  the  rear 
of  the  off  cargo  and  under  the  rear  corner  of  the 
sobre-jalma.  He  then  brings  the  rope  of  the  loop 
forward,  under  the  sobre-jalma  and  up  and  out  of 
its  forward  corner. 


86  HORSE  PACKING 


No. 2  then  sees  that  the  lash  rope  falls  securely- 
over  the  forward  part  of  the  off  cargo  and  that 
its  loop  at  the  standing  part  is  in  or  between  the 
center  on  the  load.  He  takes  up  slack  as  he  goes 
but  without  hauling  tight. 
No.  2  then  calls: 

"Take." 

At  this  No.  I  takes  up  the  last  rope  on  his  side 
where  it  passes  out  under  the  standing  part  at  the 
center  of  the  load  and  forms  a  bight  that  will  loop 
around  the  near  forward  corner  of  the  cargo. 
No.  I  then  passes  the  free  end  of  the  lash  rope  over 
the  standing  part  and  under  the  running  part  at  or 
near  the  center  of  the  cargo. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7.  No.  /  now  takes  the  forward  loop  he  has  just 
made  and  passes  it  over  the  near  forward  corner 
of  the  cargo  and  down  under  the  near  forward  cor- 
ner of  the  sobre-jalma. 

No.  I  now  passes  the  loop  along  to  the  rear,  bring- 
ing it  up  and  around  the  near  rear  corner  of  the 


SINGLE  DIAMOND   HITCH  87 


Fig.  7 
sobre-jalma  and  cargo,  lightly  taking  up  the  slack. 
No.  I  then  calls: 
"Take." 

and  throws  the  free  end  of  the  lash  rope  over  and 
across  the  rear  of  the  mule  to  No.  2. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  7. 


88 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  8.  No,  2  now  grasps  the  free  end  of  the  lash  rope 
thrown  him  and  passes  it  under  the  sobre-jalma 
and  forward  where  he  throws  it  across  the  mule's 
neck. 

The  hitch   is   now  ready  to   tighten.     To   indicate 
this,  No.  2  calls: 
"Ready." 

At  this  No.  I  commands: 
"Cinch" 


SINGLE  DIAMOND   HITCH  89 

At  the  same  time  he  hauls  taut  on  the  running 
part  of  the  lash  rope  where  it  comes  out  of  the 
hook. 

No. 2  on  his  side  also  grasps  the  same  rope  and 
hauls. 

(Note. — This  hauling  is  done  in  the  most  conveni- 
ent way,  care  being  taken  to  bring  the  strain  on 
the  rope  and  not  to  merely  push  and  haul  the  ani- 
mal off  his  balance.) 

No.  /  and  No.  2  working  together,  each  on  his  own 
side  of  the  animal,  tar<e  ud  the  slack  and  haul 
tight  in  similar  manner  to  that  in  which  they 
progressed  as  they  made  the  hitch. 
No. 2  when  he  again  reaches  the  forward  end  of 
the  off  load  and  the  hitch  is  tight,  calls: 
'*  7*0^6  it  all." 

At  the  same  time  throwing  the  free  end  with  all 
the  slack  across  the  top  of  the  load  to  No.  I. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  8. 


90 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  9 


Fig.  9.  This  shows  the  Single  Diamond  Hitch  tightened 
and  tied.  The  diamond  by  which  it  gets  its  name 
appears  distinctly.  There  are  various  methods  of 
making  fast,  a  few  turns  and  a  slip  knot  being 
most  often  used. 


SINGLE  DIAMOND  HITCH 


91 


Fig.  fO.     This  shows  the  near  and  off  side  views  of  the 
Singrle  Diamond  Hitch. 

To  avoid  confusion  in  the  diagrams  the  sling  ropes  are  not  shown. 


HORSE  PACKING 


DOUBLE  DIAMOND  HITCH 

This  hitch  is  used  when  there  is  a  riding  or  striding 
load  placed  above  the  balanced  load;  especially  if  the 
riding  load  be  a  keg,  a  box  or  some  awkward  package. 
The  double  diamond  hitch  is  best  when  the  nature  of  the 
cargo  requires  more  binding  points  than  are  possible 
with   the  more   open  single  diamond  hitch. 

For  a  riding  load  the  special  Cross  Sling  must  be 
used.     (See  page  75.) 

To   avoid   confusion    in    the   diagrams    the   sling   ropes   are    not 
shown. 


The  load  being  balanced  and  slung  to  throJ»  the  double  diamond 
hitch: 

Fig.  /.  The  near  Packer^  No.  I,  throws  the  lash  rope 
across  the  cargo,  with  the  free  end  toward  the  mule's 
head  and  with  a  long  loop  at  the  rear.     A  shorter 


DOUBLE  DIAMOND  HITCH 


93 


Fig.  1 

loop  is  run  forward  on  the  near  side  of  the  cargo 
and  No.  I  then  passes  the  hoolf  end  of  the  cincha  under- 
neath the  mule  to  No.  2,  who  grasps  it  at  the  com- 
mand: 
"Tal^e." 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 
Fig.  I. 


94 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  2 

Fig.  2.    No.  I   now  throws  the  forward  loop  across  the 
cargo  in  such  a  manner  that  the  standing  part  of  the  loop 
comes    underneath    at    the    same    time    giving    the 
command: 
"Read^." 

No.  2  grasps  the  loop  and  twists  it  one  full  turn  to  the 
left  as  indicated  by  the  dotted  line  and  arrows 
(Fig.  2)  and  bringing  the  center  of  the  twist  at  the 
apex  of  the  riding  load. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 
Fig.  2,  (except  that  the  twist  has  not  yet  been  made). 


DOUBLE  DIAMOND  HITCH 


95 


Fi§'3^^    ^°*?  ^^^"  ^^^P^  *^^  ^°°P  °^'^*"  ^^^  hook  and  calls: 
"Heave." 

No.  I  takes  in  the  useless  slack  of  the  loop  but  with- 
out hauling  the  rope  tight;  it  should  lie  loose  but 
without  danger  of  slipping  off  the  riding  load. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 
Fig.  3." 


96 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  4 


Fig.  4  No.  I  now  passes  a  portion  of  the  rear  loop  for- 
ward and  through  the  standing  part  of  the  lash  rope, 
taking  it  forward  and  over  the  near  forn>ard  corner  of 
the  cargo,  down  and  under  the  near  forward  corner 
of  the  sobre-jalma.  It  will  fall  easily  inside  the 
sobre-jalma  and  under  the  near  rear  corner  of  the 
sobre-jalma. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 
Fig.  4, 


DOUBLE  DIAMOND  HITCH 


97 


Fig.  5 


Fig.  5.  No.  t  then  takes  the  end  of  the  lash  rope  and 
passes  it  over  and  dorvn  between  the  two  central 
ropes  at  a  point  between  the  riding  load  and  the 
near  side  load.     He  then  commands: 

and  throws   the   lash   rope   across   the   rear   of  the 
mule  to  No.  2. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  indicated  by 
Fig.  5. 


98 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  6 


Fig,  6.  No.  2  grasps  the  end  of  the  rope  and  passes  it 
under  and  up  between  the  two  central  ropes  and  pre- 
pares to  loop  it  under  the  off  rear  corner  of  the 
sobre-jalma. 

Both  No.  I  and  No.  2  assist  each  other  at  this  point 
in  adjusting  the  rear  loop  that  is  to  secure  the 
riding  load.  The  point  for  this  rope  to  bind  varies 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  riding  load.  It  must 
bind  at  a  place  where  it  will  not  slip  forward,  or  up 
or  in  any  direction;  with  a  soft  sack  there  is  no  diffi- 
culty, but  with  a  hard  keg  or  box  some  precision 
is  needed. 

(In  the  diagrams  only  the  clearness  of  following 
the  rope  has  been  kept  in  view  and  the  keg  more 
easily  visualizes  the  riding:  load.) 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  by 
Fig.  6. 


DOUBLE  DIAMOND  HITCH 


99 


Fig.  7 


Fig.  7.  No.  2  passes  the  rope  under  the  off  near  corner 
of  the  sobre-jalma,  forward  and  outside  of  the  cincha 
and  hook,  under  the  off  forward  corner  of  the 
sobre-jalma  and  passes  it  over  and  doron  through  the 
two  central  ropes  at  a  point  between  the  riding 
load  and  the  side  load. 
He  then  calls: 
"Take' 

and   throws    the    end   of   the   rope    over   the   mule's 
neck  to  No.  1 . 
The  lash  rope  at  this  point  is  as  indicated  in  Fig.  7. 


100 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  8 


Fig.  8.  No.  I  grasps  the  rope  and  passes  it  under  and  up 
through  the  two  central  ropes  at  a  point  half-way 
between  the  riding  load  and  the  side  load,  and  drops 
the  end  on  the  ground.  The  lash  rope  must  now  be 
tightened. 
The  lash  rope  at  this  point  is  as  indicated  in  Fig.  8. 


DOUBLE  DIAMOND  HITCH 


101 


Fig.  9.    No.  I  commands: 
"Cinchr 

At  this  command  No.  2  grasps  the  running  part  of 
the  two  central  ropes  (indicated  by  the  arrow, 
Fig.  8),   and,   by   lifting   on   it,   tightens   the   cincha. 


At  the  same  time  No.  I  grasps  the  same  rope  on  his 
side  and,  by  throwing  his  weight  down  on  it,  hauls 
in  the  slack  made  by  No.  2. 

No.  I  holds  the  slack  taken  in  and  follows  the  lash 
rope  along  as  in  making  the  original  hitch,  taking 
in  all  the  slack  he  can  secure  by  his  strength. 
As  he  reaches  the  rear  loop  on  the  hitch,  No.  2 
stands  ready  at  the  rear  on  the  off  side  and  takes 
the  slack  passed  to  him  without  losing  the  tension. 
No.  2  then  follows  the  hitch  around  in  the  same 
manner  taking  in  all  the  slack  possible.  As  he 
reaches  the  forward  off  side  he  passes  the  final 
slack  across  the  mule's  neck  to  No.  I.  No.  I  takes 
it  without  losing  tension. 

The  position  on  the  lash  rope  is  now  indicated  by 
Fig.  9. 


102 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  10. 


Fig.  10.  No.  I  takes  the  slack,  without  losing  tension, 
and  passes  it  under  the  near  forward  corner  of 
the  sobre-jalma,  on  to  the  rear  under  and  outside 
of  the  cincha,  up  around  the  near  rear  corner  of 
the  sobre-jalma  and  throws  it  over  and  across  the 
load  calling  to  No.  2: 
"Take  it  all:* 

No.  2  seizes  the  rope  bringing  the  end  forward  of 
the  two  central  ropes,  passing  it  under  and  to  the 
rear  of  them  and  bringing  it  forward  again  in  a 
single  turn  or  half  hitch.  He  passes  it  around  the 
off  forward  lashing,  throws  his  weight  into  it  in  a 
final  pull  and  makei  it  fast.  The  load  is  now  se- 
cured by  the  Double  Diamond  Hitch. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 
Fig.  10. 


DOUBLE  DIAMOND  HITCH  103 

As  familiarity  with  the  double  diamond  is  acquired 
there  will  be  many  little  short  cuts  in  throwing  the 
rope  that  will  appear.  For  instance,  in  Fig.  7  it  is 
apparent  that  the  quickest  way  for  No.  2  when  he  re- 
ceives the  rope  at  the  off-side  rear,  is  to  pass  it  all  under 
both  of  the  central  ropes  and  letting  the  end  fall  some- 
where forward;  then  to  pull  out  from  between  the  two 
central  ropes  a  bight  or  loop  that  can  be  cast  with  a 
rapid  motion  over  both  the  forward  and  rear  corners 
of  the  load  and  sobre-ialma. 

The  point  aimed  at  by  these  diagrams  is  perfect 
lucidity  and,  in  explaining,  the  absolute  sequence  of  the 
progressive  movements.  Whatever  short  cuts  there  are, 
are  for  each  individual  packer  and  do  not  change  the 
order  of  operations.  The  commands  and  responses  are 
merely  to  time  the  movements  without  waste. 


104  HORSE  PACKING 


WIMAN  ONE-MAN  HITCH 

The   best   and   simplest   of   the   one-man   hitches;    it 
can  be   thrown  by  one  man  without  assistance. 

(See  method  of  slinging  cargo  for  one  man..) 

To  avoid  confusion  in  ihe  diagrams  the  sling  ropes  are  nol  shorvn. 


The  load  being  balanced  and  slung  to  ihroTo  ihe  Wiman  One-Man 
Hitch: 

Fig.  /.  Standing  on  the  near  side  of  the  mule  the  Packer 
doubles  the  lash  rope,  laying  the  double  rope  be- 
tween the  two  loads  with  the  loop  or  bight  l})ing  to  ihe 
rear. 

The  doubled  rope  is  laid  between  the  loads  in  such 
a  manner  that  the  end  or  running  part  lies  over  and  on 
top  of  the  standing  part  of  the  lash  rope.     (Fig.  I.) 


WIMAN  ONE-MAN  HITCH 


105 


Fig.  1 

The  doubled  rope  comes  out  between  the  loads  and 

falls  on  the  near  side  of  the  mule's  neck. 

The  standing  part  of  the  lash  rope  with  the  cincha 

trails  to  the  rear  on  the  near  side,  and  is  grasped 

by  the  packer 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 

Fig.  I. 


106 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  3 

Fig.  2.     The  Packer  throws  the  cincha  across  the  load  and, 
reaching  under  the  mule's  belly,  catches  the  cincha 
hook  and  brings  it  up  on  the  near  side. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated 
in  Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3.  The  Packer  engages  the  lash  rope  in  a  half- 
hitch  on  the  cincha  hook,  keeping  the  lash  rope 
fairly  taut  on  the  cargo. 


WIMAN  ONE-MAN  HITCH 


107 


The  free  end  of  the  half-hitch  must  be  on  the  inside, 

i.  e.,  between  the  standing  part  of  the  lash  rope  and 

the  mule,  or  sobre-jalma  (see  Fig.  3). 

He  then  carries  the  bi^ht  of  the  lash  rope  forward 

and  loops  it  over  the  forward   near   corner   of  the 

sobre-jalma  and  on  up  over  the  forward  near  corner 

of  the  near  load. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated 

in  Fig.  3. 


108 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  4 


Fig.  4.  The  Packer  now  passes  along  the  near  side  to 
the  rear  of  the  mule  where  he  takes  up  the  bight 
of  the  lash  rope  that  comes  out  between  the  two 
loads. 

The  right  half  of  the  bight  he  prepares  to  carry 
forward  on  the  off  side  at  the  same  time  dropping 
the  left  of  the  bight  under  the  rear  off  corner  of 
the  sobre-ialma. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  indicated  in 
Fi§.  4. 


WIMAN  ONE-MAN  HITCH 


109 


Fig.  5 


Fig.  5.  The  Packer  loops  the  riffht  half  of  the  bight 
over  the  side  load  and  down  under  the  forward  off 
corner  of  the  sobre-jalma,  drawing  it  moderately- 
taut. 

He  then  passes  to  the  rear  along  the  off  side  ad- 
justing the  bight  along  the  outside  of  the  cincha  and 
keeping  it  taut  under  the  off  rear  corner  of  the 
sobre-jalma. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 
Fig.  5. 


110 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  6 


Fig.  6.  The  Packer  now  passes  in  rear  of  the  mule  and 
takes  the  free  end  of  the  lash  rope,  bringing  it 
to  the  rear  and  over  the  standing  part  that  lies 
across  the  cargo  from  the  cincha  ring  to  hook. 
He  brings  this  free  end  over  and  down,  passing 
it  under  the  rear  near  corner  of  the  sobre-jalma. 
Then  he  brings  the  end  forward  on  the  near  side 
and  under  the  cincha  hook,  letting  the  free  end  fall 
forward.  It  is  now  time  to  cinch  the  cargo. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 
Fig.  6. 


WIMAN  ONE-MAN  HITCH 


111 


Fig.  7.  To  cinch  the  cargo  the  Packer  begins  with  the 
lash  rope  that  crosses  the  load  from  the  ring  to  the 
hook.  He  sees  that  this  lies  straight  across  the 
centre  of  the  cargo.  Then  he  grasps  the  lash  rope 
afier  it  has  passed  around  the  hook  and  tightens  it 
with  all  his  strength. 


Fig.  7 


Holding  it  taut  he  proceeds  to  work  along  the  lash 
rope  in  the  same  order  in  which  he  first  threw 
the  hitch,  heaving  with  all  his  strength  and  holding 
taut  the  slack  so  taken. 

When  he  has  again  reached  the  free  end  the  Packer 
brings  it  over  and  down  under  the  forward  corner 
of  the  sobre-jalma  and  passes  it.  still  keeping  it 
taut,  to  the  rear  outside  of  the  cincha  or  hook. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope,  cinched,  is  now  as 
indicated  in  Fig  7. 


112 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  8 


Fig.  8.  These  are  in  reality  frappinj?  turns.  They  are 
lacings  that  bind  the  hitch  with  great  rigidity  on 
each  side. 

The  Packer  brings  the  free  end  of  the  rope  up  and 
forward  over  all  of  the  ropes.  The  rope  is  passed 
over  the  near  forward  part  that  binds  on  the  load, 
and  then  back  to  the  rear  part  that  binds  on  the 
load  where  a  half  turn  is  taken  that  leads  up  and 
over  the  load  (see  detail  in  Fig.  8). 
The  packer  now  goes  to  the  farther  side  of  the 
mule  where  the  free  end  of  the  lash  rope  is  passed 
under  the  central  part,  thence  to  the  rear  and  around 
the  part  that  binds  on  the  load.  Then  forward  on 
the  off  side  and  passed  around  the  part  that  binds 
the  load  there. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  indicated  in 
Fig.  8. 


WIMAN  ONE-MAN  HITCH  113 

Fig.9.     The    lacings    just    described   are   now  cinched. 

(While  they  are  being  made  they  should  be  kept 
fairly  taut.) 


Fig.  9 
They  are  cinched  by  going  over  them,  hauling  each 
taut   in   turn   and    finally   securing   by   any   kind   of 
knot  the  packer  may  fancy. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  In 
Fig.  9. 

The  kind  of  knot  used  to  secure  a  hitch  is  a  matter 
of  individual  preference,  though  it  also  depends  on 
the  character  of  the  lash  rope  used.  A  single  bow- 
knot,  or  a  reef  slip-knot  as  it  is  sometimes  called, 
is  best  when  it  can  be  used,  for  ease  of  casting  off 
is  a  necessary  factor.  A  rawhide  lash  rope  is  very 
perverse.  If  a  rope  can  be  jammed  in  one  of  its 
own  bearings  the  result  is  most  convenient — or 
rather  a  combination  of  simple  knot  and  then  a 
jam. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  to  preserve  the 
clearness  of  the  diagrams  many  factors  have  been 
sacrificed.  The  ropes  that  bear  directly  on  the 
load  and  that  radiate  from  the  common  center  (see 
Fig.  7)  should  always  pass  over  the  front  and  rear 
of  the  side  loads  at  approximately  the  center  of 
pack.     This  is  true  of  all  hitches. 


114  HORSE  PACKING 


POLE  HITCH 

A  one  or  two-man  hitch. 

The  Pole  Hitch  lashes  the  two  side  packs  to  each 
other  with  great  strength,  but  at  the  same  time  does 
not  compress  the  loads  on  the  pack  mule.  It  will  be 
noted  that  no  cincha  is  used  and  that  the  lash  rope 
does  not  pass  under  the  belly  of  the  animal.  It  is  used 
for  lashing  on  the  poles  of  a  travois  or  of  a  litter. 

It  is  a  very  simple  hitch,  being  nothing  but  a  half- 
hitch  taken  on  each  side  and  around  the  pack,  and  then 
laced  for  additional  strain. 

One  packer  can  throw  it  if  necessary. 

To  avoid  confusion  in  the  diagrams  the  sling  ropes  are  not  sholifn. 
Fig.  2. 


POLE  HITCH 


115 


Fig.  1 


The   pac^s   being   slung   to    ihronf    the   Pole   Hitch: 

Fig.  I.      No.  I  throws  the  lash  rope  (without  the  cincha, 
it  having  been  removed  first)   across   the  pack  so 
that  the  middle  of  the  rope  rests  in  the  centre  of 
the  packs.     He  commands 
"Take." 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  I. 
No.  2  seizes  his  half  of  the  rope. 


116 


HORSE  PACKING 


(Note. — Both  No.  I  and  No.  2.  in  actual  practice 
throw  the  hitch  simultaneously  as  the  movements 
for  the  hitch  on  the  near  and  off  sides  of  the  mule 
are  identical.  But  for  simplicity  of  description  and 
diagrams  it  will  be  explained  as  though  consecutive 
operations — or  as  though  it  was  being  thrown  by 
but  one  man  acting  as  No.  1  and  also  a  No.  2  acting 
at  the  same  time. 


Fig.  2. 


No.  1  now  passes  his  rope  to  the  right,  around  the 

upper   right   hand    corner   of   the   pack,    on   around 

under  the  sobre-jalma  and  up  and  around  the  upper 

left  hand  corner  of  the  pack. 

He  passes  the  end  of  the  rope  over  and  down  under 

the   standing  part. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 

Fig.  2. 


POLE  HITCH 


117 


Fig.  3.  No.  /  now  lifts  the  bight  of  the  lash  rope  from 
below  the  center  of  the  sobre-jalma  and  passes  the 
end  of  the  rope  down  under  and  through  the  bight, 
bringing  the  end  up  and  outside  the  bight. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  3. 


118 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  4 


Fig.  4.  No.  2,  when  the  rope  was  thrown  to  him  (as  in 
Fig.  I)  performs  on  his  side  exactly  the  same  opera- 
tions as  have  been  just  described  for  No.  I  and 
prepares  to  pass  the  end  of  the  rope  under  and 
through  the  bight  below  the  sobre-jalma.  It  will 
be  observed  that  here  are  two  half-hitches,  one  on 
either  side  of  the  pack  mule. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 
Fig.  4. 


POLE  HITCH 


119 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  5.      No.  I  now  throws  the  end  of  his  rope  across 
the  packs  at  the  same  time  calling: 
"Take." 

No.  2  at  the  same  time  throws  his  end  of  the  rope 
across  to  No.  I  calling: 
"Take." 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  5. 


120 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  6.       The  hitch  is  now  ready  to  tighten. 

No.  I   holding  the  end  of  the   rope  thrown  him  so 

as  to  take  and  keep  any  slack,  commands: 

"Cinchr 

At  this  No.  2  takes  up  the  slack  on  his  side  going 

over  the   hitch   from   the  beginning  and  taking  up 

the  slack.     No.  I  takes  and  holds  such  slack. 

No.  2  calls: 

I  le. 
No.  I  makes  his  rope  fast. 

No.  2  then  holds  the  rope  passed  to  him  in  such  a 
way    as    to    take    up    and    hold    all    slack    gathered. 
No.  I  proceeds  to  take  up  slack  as  did  No.  2. 
As  the  last  slack  is  taken  he  calls: 
"Tie." 

and  No.  2  makes  his  rope  fast. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  shown  in  Fig.  6  as 
having  been  cinched  but  not  tied. 


POLE  HITCH 


121 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  7.      In  Fig.  7  the  Pole  Hitch  is  shown  complete. 

The  lacings  on  the  side  bring  a  great  compressing 
stram.  While  this  diagram  does,  of  necessity, 
appear  to  illustrate  a  somewhat  complicated  hitch, 
yet  the  Pole  Hitch  is  one  of  the  simplest  and  most 
easily  tied. 

The  Pole  Hitch  is  used  for  lashing  the  poles  of  a 
Travois  to  the  animal;  this  is  its  use. 


122 


HORSE  PACKING 


Sawbuck  Saddle 


The  San)  BucJ^  Saddle  is  a  wooden  frame  as  shown  in 
the  above  illustration,  made  of  some  hard,  tough  wood. 
It  is  placed  above  the  ordinary  saddle  blankets  and 
held  in  place  by  the  latigo  cinch  on  girth  as  shown  in 
second  illustration  below.  It  is  a  small  frame  no  larger 
than  is  necessary  to  give  firm  support  to  the  cross 
pieces  at  each  end. 

With  the  Saw  Buck  it  is  easier  for  one  man  to  sling 
the  cargo. 


SAW-BUCK  SLING 


123 


Sawbuck  Saddle — In  place 


The  only  function  it  performs  is  to  aid  in  slinging 
the  cargo.  It  is  always  the  hitch  that  holds  the  cargo 
firmly  to  the  mule.  The  sling  merely  holds  it  in  posi 
tion  while  the  hitch  is  thrown. 


124  HORSE  PACKING 


Sawbuck  Saddle 
A  saw  buck  saddle  and  gear  for  army  or  trail  use. 


SAW-BUCK  SLING 


125 


SAW  BUCK  SLINC 

The  mule  being  equipped  n>ii/i  the  Saw  Buc^  to  sling  the  load: 
Fig.  I.  The  PacJ^er  makes  a  clove  hitch  at  the  centre 
of  the  sling  rope  and  slips  it  over  the  forward  forks 
of  the  saw  buck.  He  throws  that  portion  of  the 
sling  rope  that  comes  naturally  out  at  the  farther 
side  over  to  the  off  side,  allowing  that  end  of  the 
sling  rope  that  comes  naturally  out  on  the  near 
side  to  remain  there. 

He  then  takes  the  rope  that  is  on  the  near  side 
and  loops  it  over  the  off  crotch  of  the  rear  saw 
buck  from  rear  forward.  He  allows  the  end  to 
drop  down  underneath  the  bight  thus  formed  along 
the  saddle. 

This  bight  is  to  receive  the  side  pack  and  should 
be  of  sufficient  size. 

The  packer  then  makes  a  similar  bight  in  a  similar 
way  on  the  off  side. 

The  position  of  the  sling  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  /. 


126 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  2 

Fig.  2.  Being  now  on  the  off  side  the  packer  picks  up  the 
off  pack  and  lifts  it  into  the  off  bight,  and  brings  the 
load  as  high  toward  the  saw  buck  as  possible.  He 
takes  up  the  slack  of  the  bight  so  that  the  rope 
holds  the  pack  in  position  as  tightly  as  possible. 
The  packer  now  brings  up  the  end  of  the  rope 
from  under  the  off  pack,  taking  one  full  turn 
around  the  bight  that  holds  the  pack  in  position. 
This  turn  is  taken  at  the  centre  of  the  bight. 
He  now  makes  a  bowline  in  the  end  of  the  off 
sling  rope  in  such  a  way,  or  place,  that  when 
cinched  it  will  come  about  in  the  centre  of  the 
load  between  the  packs. 

The  position  of  the  sling  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  2. 


SAW-BUCK  SADDLE 


127 


Fior.     3 


Fig.  3.  The  packer  now  passes  to  the  near  side  where 
he  slings  the  near  side  pack  in  the  same  manner 
as  just  prescribed  for  the  off  side  pack.  In  this 
case  he  does  not  make  a  bowline. 
He  passes  the  end  of  the  near  sling  rope  (after  a 
full  turn  around  the  near  bight  at  the  centre  of 
the  sling)  through  the  bight  of  the  bowline  on 
top  of  the  load  and  heaves  hard.  He  then  makes 
fast  and  the  load  is  slung  ready  for  the  hitch. 
The  position  of  the  sling  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fi2.  3. 


128 


HORSE  PACKING 


NO.  2  SAW  BUCK  SLINC 


This  is  another  method  of  slinging  on  a  saw  buck 
saddle  and  is  adapted,  as  the  diagrams  show,  to  such 
loads  as  are  longer  and  more  awkward. 

The  mule  being  equipped  v>ith  the  san>  tuc^  saddle  to  sling  ihe 
load. 

Fig.  /.  The  Packer  makes  a  clove  hitch  at  the  centre 
of  the  sling  rope  and  slips  it  over  the  forward 
forks  of  the  saw  buck  allowing  the  one  end  to  drop 


naturally  down  on  the  near  side  and  the  other  he 
throws  across  the  mule's  neck  to  the  far  side. 
The  position  of  the  sling  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  I. 


SAW-BUCK  SADDLE 


129 


Fig.  2 


Fig.  2.  The  packer  lifts  the  near  load  as  high  up  into 
position  as  possible  and  holds  it  into  place  (with 
his  shoulder)  while  he  slips  the  near  rope  in  a  loop 
around  the  forward  end  of  the  pack. 
He  then  takes  a  half-hitch  around  the  near  arm  of 
the  fork. 

He  then  passes  the  sling  rope  on  over  the  rear 
of  the  saw  buck  and  throws  it  into  the  off  crotch 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 
Fig.  2. 


130 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  3 


Fi§.  3.  The  packer  now  forms  a  loop  with  the  end 
of  the  sling  rope  that  falls  from  the  crotch  of  the 
rear  fork  and  places  the  rear  end  of  the  pack  in 
the  loop  so  formed. 

He   then  brings  up   the   end,   takes   a   turn  around 
the  near   rear   fork   and   makes   fast  after  bringing 
the  pack  as  high  on  the  saddle  as  possible. 
The  position  of  the  sling  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  3. 


SAW-BUCK  SLING 


131 


Fig.  4.  The  packer  now  passes  around  to  the  off  side 
and  slings  the  off  pack  in  exactly  the  same  manner 
as  he  slung  the  near  pack. 

The  position  of  the  sling  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  4. 


132  HORSE  PACKING 


CROSS-TREE   HITCH 

A   One-Man  Hitch 

This  is  a  single-diamond  and  is  generally  used  on 
the  saw  buck  saddle.  It  is  one  of  the  few  hitches  that 
can  be  thrown  as  easily  by  one  man  as  by  two. 

To  avoid  confusion  in  the  diagrams  the  sling  ropes  are  not  shon/n. 

This  hitch  is  shown  as  thrown  using  the  sobre-jalma. 
A  sobre-jalma  is  not  essential  where  the  Saw  Buck  is 
used,  but  it  adds  to  the  convenience. 


CROSS-TREE  HITCH 


133 


Fig.  1 
The  pac^s  being  slung  lo  ihrois)   the   Cross-Tree  Hitch: 


Ffg.  /.  The  Pacl^er  throws  the  cincha  and  lash  rope 
across  the  packs  bringing  the  hook  end  of  the 
cincha  up  under  the  belly  of  the  mule  and  on  the 
near  side. 

He  engages  the  lash  rope  under  the  hook,  draws 
up  the  slack  and  throws  a  fair  sized  bight  of  the 
rope  across  the  packs. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig,  /. 


134 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  2 


Fig.  2.  The  packer  now  passes  this  bight  under  and  for- 
ward of  the  standing  rope,  bringing  it  back  over 
the  standing  rope  (as  indicated  by  the  arrows  in 
Fig.  I)  preparing  to  make  one  complete  turn  around 
the  standing  rope  with  the  bight. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  2, 


CROSS-TREE  HITCH 


135 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  3.  The  packer  now  passes  the  bight  once  again 
under  and  forward  of  the  standing  rope,  thereby 
completing  one  full  turn  of  the  bight  around  the 
standing  rope.  The  size  of  the  bight  forward  of 
the  standing  rope  varies  and  depends  upon  the 
shape  and  size  of  the  load. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig,  3, 


136 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  4.  The  packer  now  throws  the  free  portion  of  the 
lash  rope  over  the  mule  in  rear  of  the  packs. 
He  passes  around  to  the  off  side  bringing  the  rope 
now  on  the  off  side  over  and  down  around  the  rear 
upper  corner  of  the  off  load  then  down  and  under 
the  sobre-jalma. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  4, 


CROSS-TREE  HITCH 


137 


Fig.  5.  The  packer  now  passes  the  rope  forward  and 
under  the  corner  of  the  sobre-jalma  but  outside 
the  cincha,  up  and  around  the  upper  forward  corner 
of  the  off  pack  and  thence  through  the  bight  lying  on 
top  of  the  packs. 

He   then   throws   the   rope   across    the   mule's   neck 
over  to  the  near  side. 

He   now   passes   to    the   near   side   and   brings   the 
rope   down   over   the   forward   corner   of   the   near 
pack  and  under  the  corner  of  the  sobre-jalma. 
The  position  of  the  rope  is  now  as  shown  in  Fig.  5. 


138 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  6. 

Fig.  6.  The  packer  now  brings  the  rope  to  the  rear 
under  the  sobre-jalma,  but  outside  of  the  cincha, 
then  up  over  the  near  corner  of  the  near  pack  and 
through  that  portion  of  the  standing  rope  enclosed 
within  the  bight. 

The  hitch  is  now  ready  to  cinch  and  tie. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  6, 


CROSS-TREE  HITCH 


139 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  7.  The  packer  now  cinches  the  hitch  in  the  usual 
manner,  following  the  slack  in  the  original  turns 
and  taking  it  in. 

When  it  has  been  taken  (up  to  the  point  shown  in 
Fig.  6)  he  passes  with  the  rope  to  the  off  side  in 
rear  of  the  mule,  bringing  the  rope  once  more 
down  around  the  rear  of  the  off  pack  and  forward 
under  the  sobre-jalma  and  outside  the  cincha,  and 
makes  fast  as  usual. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fi§.7, 


140  HORSE  PACKING 


THE  SQUAIV  HITCH 
{Also   l^nown   as    the   Cross-Tree   Hitch) 

This  is  one  of  the  earliest  of  "one-man  hitches"  and 
has  been  used  by  the  American  Indians  for  centuries. 
As  the  squaws  do  the  packing  the  early  frontiersmen 
gave  it  the  name  "squaw  hitch."  It  is  a  very  simple 
hitch  and  in  very  general  use  in  small  one-man  pros- 
pecting outfits.  It  is  not  to  be  compared  with  any 
of  the  diamond  hitches.  The  Wiman  one-man  hitch 
is  much  more  scientific  in  its  adjustment  and  is  invaria- 
bly to  be  preferred. 

To  avoid  confusion  in  the  diagrams  the  sling  ropes  are  not  shoi»n. 


The  load  being  balanced  and  slung  to  throiv  the  squan>  hitch: 

Fig.  /.  The  packer  throws  the  cincha  across  the  cargo 
and  reaching  under  the  mule's  belly  catches  the 
hook  end  of  the  cincha  bringing  it  through  and  up 
into  position  on  the  near  side. 

He  then  engages  the  lash  rope  that  falls  from 
the  cargo  in  such  a  manner  that  the  free  end  of  the 
lash  rope  leaves  the  hook  on  the  outside  (See 
Fig.  f).  He  adjust  the  cincha  and  throws  a  light 
strain  on  the  rope  to  hold  it  in  position. 
With  the  free  or  running  portion  of  the  lash  rope 


SQUAW  HITCH 


141 


Fig.  1 

he  forms  a  bight  to  the  rear  of  the  taut  standing  part, 

and  then  passes   the  bight  under  and  forrvard  of  the 

standing  part  in  the  center  between  the  two  side 

loads. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 

Fig.  /. 


142  HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  2.  The  packer  then  pulls  the  free  end  of  the  bight 
all  the  way  through  the  standing  part. 
Holding  taut  the  free  or  running  part  of  the  lash 
rope  he  passes  to  the  rear  of  the  mule  over  to  the 
off  side.  He  brings  the  rope  down  over  the  rear 
corner  of  the  off  side  of  the  load  and  carries  it 
forward  underneath  the  rear  corner  of  the  load. 
(And  under,  also  the  rear  corner  of  the  sobre-jalma 
if  there  is  one  used.) 

He  then  carries  the  lash  rope  forward  outside 
of  the  cincha  or  standing  part  of  the  rope 
and  loops  it  around  the  ofif  forward  corner  of  the 
load  and  then  on  over  the  center  of  the  cargo 
over  the  standing  part  of  the  lash  rope  and  under 
the  part  of  the  rope  that  forms  the  off  rear  loop. 
(See  Fig.  2.) 


SQUAW  HITCH 


143 


Fig.  2. 

Keeping  the  rope  moderately  taut  the  packer  now 
passes  from  the  off  side  of  the  mule,  around  by  the 
rear  to  the  near  side. 

The  position  of  the  sling  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  2. 


144  HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  3.  The  packer  now  goes  to  the  near  forward  cor- 
ner of  the  load  passing  the  free  portion  of  the  lash 
rope  over  the  ropes  and  cargo  and  then  down  over 
the  near  forward  corner  of  the  load.  This  brings 
the  strain  on  top  of  the  center  of  the  cargo  by- 
engaging  the  lash  rope  with  the  angle  of  the 
loop  that  lashes  the   off  side  load  in  place.     (See 

In  the  same  manner  as  on  the  off  side,  he  brings 
the  lash  rope  down  and  outside  of  ropes  and  cincha 
passing  to  the   rear  where  he  loops  the  lash  rope 
up  and  around  the  near  rear  corner  of  the  load. 
The   packer   then   passes   the   free   end   of   the   lash 
rope  over  all  parts  and  down  into  the  angle  formed 
by    the    two    forward    lashings.      Passing    the    end 
do-D)n   into    this    he    brings    it    out    and    up    (passing 
underneath  all  ropes  as   he   does   so)    through   the 
angle  formed  by  the  two  rear  lashings. 
The  hitch  is  now  ready  to  cinch. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  indicated  in 
Fig.  3. 


SQUAW  HITCH 


145 


Fig.  3. 


To  Fasten:  Bring  the  free  end  of  the  lash  rope 
down  in  rear  of  the  load  on  the  near  side  (see 
Fig.  3)  and  passing  it  under  make  fast,  preferably 
around  the  two  parts  of  the  lash  rope  that  lead 
to  the  cincha  hook. 


146  HORSE  TACKING 


LIFTING  HITCH 

A   One-Man  Hilch 

This  is  a  hitch  that  is  used  with  a  saw  buck  saddle 
and  where  no  sobre-jalma  is  used.  It  has  a  tendency 
to  lift  the  corners  of  the  load  away  from  the  side  of 
the  animal.  It  is  one  of  the  true  one-man  hitches  as 
one  man  can  throw  it  as  easily  as  two. 

To  avoid  confusion  in  ihe  diagrams  the  sling  ropes  are  not  shown. 


LIFTING  HITCH 


147: 


Fig.  1. 

The  loads  being  slung  to  ihroTi>  the  Lifting  Hitch: 

Fig.  I.  From  the  near  side  the  Packer  throws  the  cincha 
and  rope  across  the  packs.  Reaching  under  the 
mule's  belly  he  grasps  the  cincha  and  brings  it  out 
on  the  near  side. 

He  then  engages  the  rope  in  the  hook  and  then 
throws  the  end  of  the  rope  across  the  packs  and 
forward  to  the  off  side 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  I. 


148 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  2.  The  packer  now  passes  to  the  off  side  and  for- 
ward of  the  load.  He  passes  the  lash  rope  around 
and  over  the  forward  end  of  the  off  pack.  Then 
down  and  to  the  rear  along  the  lower  side  of  the 
pack,  outside  the  standing  part  of  the  lash  rope  and 
up  around  the  rear  corner  of  the  off  pack. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  2, 


LIFTING  HITCH 


149 


Fig.  3. 


Fig,  3.  The  packer  now  passes  the  rope  up  and  over 
and  forward  along  the  off  pack,  over  the  portions 
of  the  lash  rope  lying  there,  and  then  down  and 
under  that  portion  of  the  rope  that  passes  around 
the  forward  part  of  the  off  pack.  This  is  in  such 
a  manner  that  the  strain  when  cinched  will  come 
between  the  standing  rope  and  the  forward  part  of 
the  off  pack. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  3, 


150 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  4. 


Fig.  4.  The  packer  now  passes  the  end  of  the  rope  on 
down,  over  the  standing  rope  and  under  that  portion 
of  the  lash  rope  that  passes  along  the  lower  side 
of  the  off  pack,  and  brings  the  end  of  the  rope  up 
and  over  all  ropes. 

He  then  throws  the  rope  across  the  mule  and  for- 
ward so  that  it  falls  forward  of  the  near  pack. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  4, 


LIFTING  HITCH 


151 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  5.  The  packer  now  passes  around  to  the  near  side 
and  passes  the  lash  rope  in  the  same  manner  as 
he  did  on  the  off  side.  He  brings  the  rope  down 
over  the  forward  end  of  the  near  pack,  then  down 
along  the  lower  side  of  the  near  pack  to  the  rear. 
It  passes  over  and  outside  the  standing  rope. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  5. 


152 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  6.     The  packer  now  continues  in  same  manner  as 
on  the  off  side.     He  brings  the  rope  up  and  around 
the  rear  of  the  near  pack,  passing  forward  over  all 
ropes,    and    then    down    and    under    the    rope    that 
passes  over  the  forward  end  of  the  near  pack. 
Thence   down   and   over   the   ropes   from   the   hook 
and  under  the  rope  that  passes  along  the  lower  side 
of  the  near  pack  and  out  and  up. 
The  hitch  is  now  ready  to  cinch. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  6. 


LIFTING  HITCH 


153 


Fig.  7.  The  packer  now  heaves  on  the  ropes  in  the 
same  manner  as  when  they  were  first  passed,  and 
adjusting  each  bearing  and  strain  so  that  it  comes 
relatively  on  the  packs  as  shown  in  Fig.  7.  This 
varies  somewhat  with  the  shape  and  necessities  of 
the  load. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  7. 


154 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  8.  The  packer  now  brings  up  the  free  end  passing 
it  forward  and  around  the  rope  there,  straining  it 
back  and  making  fast 

The  position  of  the  lash  rooe  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  8. 


STIRRUP  HITCH 


155 


STIRRUP  HITCH 
A  Troo-Man  Hitch 
This  is  in  the  order  of  emergfency  hitches  that  may 
be  used  with  a  saw  buck  saddle,  an  aparejo,  an  ordin- 
ary riding  saddle,  or  even,  in  extreme  emergency,  with 
nothing  more  than  an  animal  and  a  piece  of  rope  if 
the  character  of  the  load  permit's.  It  is  a  two-man 
hitch,  although  it  can  be  thrown  by  one  man  alone. 
The  lash  rope  has  neither  cincha  nor  hook. 


Fig.  1. 
The  load  being  slung  to  ihrom  the  Stirrup  Hitch: 
Fig.  I.    No.  I   throws   the  lash  rope  across  the  pack  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  center  of  the  rope  rests  on 
the  center  of  the  pack. 
He  then  forms  at  this  center  a  bight. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  ^hown  ip 
Fig.  I. 


156 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  2. 

Fig.  2.  No.  I  now  passes  the  end  of  the  rope  on  the 
near  side  through  the  bight  on  the  center  of  the 
load  and  in  such  a  manner  that  a  long  bight  is 
formed  in  the  rope  and  that  falls  nearly  to  the 
ground  on  the  near  side. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rooe  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  2. 


STIRRUP  HITCH 


157 


Fig.  3.  No.  2  on  the  off  side  takes  the  end  of  the  rope 
on  the  off  side  and  passes  it  throug-h  the  bight  on 
the  center  in  such  a  manner  that  a  long  bight  is 
formed  and  that  drops  nearly  to  the  ground  on 
the  off  side 

The  position  of  the  lash  rooe  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  3. 


158 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  4. 

Fig.  4.    No.  I    now   passes    the   long   bight   on    the   near 
side  underneath  the  mule's  belly  to  No.  2. 
No.  2  grasps  it  as  it  is  passed  to  him  and  draws  it 
well  out  on  the  off  side. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  4. 


STIRRUP  HITCH 


159 


Fig.  5. 


Fig.  5.  No.  2  now  takes  the  long  bight  on  the  off  side 
and  passes  it  down  and  through  the  bight  he  has 
just  received  from  No.  I  at  the  same  time  continu- 
ing and  passing  it  on  underneath  the  mule's  belly 
to  No.  I. 

No.  I   grasps   this   off  bight  as   it  is   passed   to  him 
and  draws  it  well  out  on  the  near  side. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  5. 


160 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  6,  No.  I  brings  the  bight  he  has  just  received  well 
up  and  slightly  overlapping  on  the  near  side  of 
the  pack. 

He  then  passes  the  end  of  the  rope  on  the  near 
side  up  and  through  this  bight. 
No.  2  at  the  same  time  on  the  off  side  brings  the 
bight    he    has    just    received    well    up    and    slightly- 
overlapping  on  the  off  pack 

He  then  passes  the  end  of  the  rope  on  the  off  side 
up   and  through   this  bight. 
The  hitch  is  now  ready  to  cinch. 
The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  6. 

When  ready  to  cinch  No.  I  commands: 
"Cinch." 


STIRRUP  HITCH 


161 


Fig.  7.     The  hitch  is  now  cinched. 

In  this  case  it  is  necessary  that  both  No.  I  and  No.  2 
begin  and  heave  at  the  same  time  on  the  first  turns 
and  take  the  slack  at  the  same  time.  This  is  be- 
cause there  is  no  hook  nor  friction  of  rope  to  hold 
against  the  cinching  process  at  first.  Virtually  it 
is  that  one  packer  holds  while  the  other  heaves 
on  the  first  turns.  It  is  practically  a  simultaneous 
operation  and  for  simplicity  is  so  given. 
No.  2  forms  a  bowline  at  the  end  of  the  lash  rope 
on  the  off  side. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  7. 


162 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  8.  No.  2  now  passes  the  bowline  he  has  formed 
over  and  across  the  forward  part  of  the  load  to 
No.  I. 

No.  I  passes  the  end  of  the  rope  on  the  near  side 
through  the  bight  of  the  bowline  and  heaves  on 
the  rope. 

This  completes  the  final  cinch  and  he  then  makes 
fast  the  end  of  the  rope. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  8. 


SADDLE  HITCH 


163 


SADDLE  HITCH 


As  its  name  implies,  this  is  a  hitch  to  be  used  on 
any  riding  saddle.  In  a  saddle  that  has  no  rings  any 
loop  that  can  be  formed  by  a  strap  will  do;  also  the 
stirrups  may  be  crossed,  lashed  in  place  and  the  sad- 
dle hitch  used  as  described.  Also,  if  there  is  no  means 
of  lashing  the  crossed  stirrups  in  place,  the  saddle 
hitch  may  be  used  by  passing  the  rope  that  is  between 
the  two  bights  under  the  belly  of  the  animal,  and  mak- 
ing the  hitch  as  described  but  under  the  animal  instead 
of  across  the  saddle. 


Fig.  1. 


Fig,  I.     The  ordinary  stock  saddle,  with  a  double  cinch, 
has   been   selected   to   illustrate   this   hitch.      But   it 


164 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  1.  a 

may  be  adapted  easily  to  any  saddle  by  following 
the  following  principles  The  second  diagram  shows 
the  plan  of  the  saddle. 


SADDLE   HITCH 


165 


Fig.  2.  The  PacJ^er  throws  the  lash  rope  across  the 
saddle  so  that  an  equal  portion  falls  on  each  side. 
Through  the  ring  on  the  near  side  he  doubles  a 
portion  of  the  rope  making  a  bigfht  that  comes  out 
beyond. 

He  now   does  the  same  on  the   off  side  with  the 
ring:  there. 

The  position  of  the  lash  rope  is  now  as  shown  in 
Fig.  2. 


166 


HORSE  PACKING 


Fig.  3 


Fig.  3.     The  packer  then  places  the  load  (this  is  a  hitch 
that  will  rarely  be  used  except  for  game  or  emer- 
gency supplies)   across  the  saddle. 
The  hind  legs  or  haunches  are  thrust  through  the 
bight   on   the  near   side.     The   head,   neck   or   fore- 
quarters,  through  the  bight  on  the  off  side. 
The  packer  makes  a  bowline  on  the  end  of  the  rope 
on  the  off  side. 
The  load  and  lash  rope  are  now  as  shown  in  Fig.  3. 


TO  CONSTRUCT  A  TRAVOIS 


167 


Fig.  4 


Fig.  4.  The  packer  now  takes  the  end  of  the  rope  on 
the  near  side  and  passes  it  through  the  bight  of 
the  bowline  from  the  off  side,  cinching  the^  lash 
rope  as  tight  as  the  circumstances  may  require. 
The  position  of  the  load  and  lash  rope  is  now  as 
shown  in  Fig.  4. 


168  HORSE  PACKING 


TO  CONSTRUCT  A   TRAVOIS 


Made  with  two  poles,  light  as  can  be  had  in  the 
country,  from  14  to  16  feet  long.  The  diameter  at  the 
tips  should  not  be  greater  than  2  inches. 

At  the  butt,  6  inches  from  the  end,  cut  a  notch  deep 
enough  to  hold  the  turns  of  a  rope. 

Lay  a  manta  or  pack  cover  (or  blanket  if  nothing 
else  is  available)  on  the  ground.  Place  the  poles  at  the 
two  opposite  sides  leaving  about  6  feet  of  the  butts 
beyond  the  ends  to  act  as  shafts  for  the  mule. 

Roll  the  poles  toward  each  other  thereby  winding 
up  the  pack  cover  until  it  takes  on  the  proportions  of 
a  litter  or  stretcher,  i.  e.,  with  a  space  left  between  the 
poles  of  2  or  3  feet.  Fasten  the  rolled  pack  cover  or 
blanket  by  lashings  or  nails,  horseshoe  nails  will  be 
always  available  in  any  pack  outfit. 

Lash  two  cross  sticks  to  hold  the  poles  at  their 
distance. 

At  the  butts  of  the  poles  make  fast  a  rope  at  the 
notch  previously  cut  and  passing  from  one  pole  to  the 
other  as  a  sling.  This  sling  should  have  a  slack  of 
about  18  inches. 

At  the  tips  fasten  another  sling  with  plenty  of  slack, 
or  two  ropes.  These  are  to  use  in  lifting  the  end  of 
the  travois  in  passing  over  bad  ground  or  through 
fords. 

The  travois  is  now  as  shown  in  Fig.  /. 


LITTER  FOR  PACK  TRANSPORTATION      169 


Fig.  1 


170 


HORSE  PACKING 


Place  the  sling  at  the  butts  over  the  pack  saddle  or 
aparejo  and  lash  with  the  pole  hitch.  (See  Pole  Hitch, 
page  114.) 

The  travois  is  now  as  shown  in  Fig.2. 


LITTERS 


171 


Suggestion   for   constructing   litter   for   pack    trans- 
portation. 


17a 


HORSE  PACKING 


C%^\"n'nV\i?^=^:^^^^^^^^ 


The  animal  must  be  well  blanketed  and  the  founda- 
tion poles  for  the  litter  well  lashed  on.  The  litter  is 
then  securely  fastened  to  the  foundation  poles  as 
shown.     (See  Hitches.) 


APPENDIX 


173 


APPENDIX 

SPLICES 

There  are  two  forms  of  splices  used  for  joining  two 
ropes  together,  a  "short  splice"  and  a  "long  splice." 

The  short  splice  is  used  where  a  rope  does  not  have 
to  run  through  a  block. 

The  long  splice  is  used  where  the  diameter  of  a 
rope  must  not  be  increased  and  so  that  it  may  still 
pass  through  a  block.  The  long  splice  takes  a  good 
deal  of  rope. 

A  splice  weakens  a  rope  about  one-eighth. 

A  cut  splice  is  also  shown  but  it  is  not  recom- 
mended as  it  brings  the  strain  on  the  inside  of  the 
splice,  the  weakest  part. 


Short  Splice — Where  a  rope  does  not  need  to  run  through 
a  block,  this  is  a  quick  splice.  It  is  more  trouble- 
some than  the  eye  splice  though  the  principle  is 
identical. 


Fig.  2. 

The  two  ends,  unlaid,  should  be  brought  together 
carefully  with  the  strands  opposite  and  between  as 
in  Fig.  I  and  Fig.  2.  It  is  best  to  seize,  i.  e.,  wrap 
them  temporarily,  in  this  position. 


174 


APPENDIX 


Fig.  3. 


The  free  strands  are  then  interwoven  with  the  laid 
up  rope,  over  and  under  (Fig.  3)  and  the  result  will 
be  as  Fig.  4. 


Fig.  4. 


If  a  sufficient  splice  is  made  this  may  be  tapered 
by  cutting  off  fibers,  but  this  is  not  necessary  as  it 
is  a  patch  job  in  itself. 

Splicing  cannot  be  successfully  described,  the 
exactness  becomes  confusing  in  its  length.  But  the 
process  is  simple  with  a  rope  in  one's  hands  and 
the  diagram  before  the  eyes. 


APPENDIX 


175 


Long  Splice. —  This  splice  is  used  when  the  rope  is 
to  run  through  a  block  or  when  the  diameter  of  the 
rope  must  not  be  enlarged. 

Unlay  the  strands  of  each  rope  for  a  convenient 
length  and  bring  together  as  for  a  short  splice. 


Fig.  /  and  2.  Unlay  to  any  desired  length  Strand  D 
of  one  rope,  laying  in  its  place  the  nearest  strand  A 
of  the  other  rope. 


Fig.  2. 


176 


APPENDIX 


Fig.  3  and  4.     Repeat   the    operation   in   the   opposite 
direction  with  the  other  two  strands,  C  and  F. 


Fig.  4. 


The  ends  of  the  strands  should  not  be  trimmed  off 
close  until  the  rope  has  been  thoroughly  stretched  by 
work. 

The  ends  may  be  fastened  by  tieing,  running  between 
strands,  whipping  with  a  few  turns,  or  sewing. 


Epe  Splice — In  order  to  form  a  neat  eye  in  the  end  of  a 
rope  either  empty  or  around  a  thimble — a  thimble 
being  a  metal  ring  or  loop  to  prevent  chafing  the 
outside  being  dished  to  fit  the  round  of  the  rope — 
the  strands  are  unlaid  for  a  distance  equal  to  three 
times  the  circumference  of  the  rope  and  laid  down 


APPENDIX 


177 


Fig.  1. 


on  the  rope  after  having  shaped  or  fitted  the  eye 
to  the  required  size.  The  strands  of  the  rope  are 
now  pried  open  and  the  unlaid  strands  passed 
through  as  shown  in  the  diagrams. 
This  weaving  should  be  continued  over  and  under 
as  shown  until  the  length  of  strands  (three  times 
the  circumference  of  the  rope)  are  used  up. 


178 


APPENDIX 


Fig.  3. 


To  taper  the  splice  the  unlaid  strands  should  have 
a  portion  of  the  fibers  cut  out  after  the  first  or 
second  weave  has  been  made.  The  whole  may  then 
be  whipped  if  desired.  A  marlinspike  or  tapered 
round  stick  should  be  used  to  pry  open  the  strands. 


APPENDIX 


179 


Fig.  2. 


Flemish  £ije— Is  made  by  unlaying  one  strand  of  rope  a 
little  more  than  the  circumference  of  the  eye  re- 
quired. 

The  two  stranded  part  is  now  bent  around  in  the 
eye  and  laid  alongside  the  rope. 

The  strand  which  was  removed  is  laid  in  its  own 
groove  but  in  a  bacJcDjard  direction  and  three  strands 
having  been  tapered  by  cutting  away  from  time  to 
time  some  of  the  fibers  after  the  e^e  is  complete  the 
tapered  strands  can  be  tucked  in  to  make  a  neat 
finish,  as  in  a  splice.  It  may  also  be  whipped  if 
desired. 


180 


APPENDIX 


Timber  Hitch 


Clove  Hitch 


A  Clove  Hitch  will 
bind  against  any  strain 
and  can  easily  be  cast 
loose.  Round  Turn  is 
to  take  in  slack  and 
hold  it  quickly  or  to 
pay  out  slowly;  it  is 
not  intended  to  hold 
and  bind. 


Timber  Hitch- 
Will  hold. 
A    quick    hitch 
to      secure      a 
spar     or     log. 


if^Un^r'r  . 


Timber  Hitch  and  Half  Hitch— an 
former. 


improvement    on    the 


APPENDIX 


181 


Single  Sheet  Bend — or  Weaver's  Knot,  for  joining  ends  of 
ropes  together  and  without  jamming,  also  to  join 
one  rope  onto  an  eye  splice 


Double  Bend — Much  more  secure  than  the  single  bend. 


182 


APPENDIX 


Mousing 


LarJf's  Head 


Cat's  Paw  Fig.   1. 


Cal\  Pan  Fig.  2. 


Cafs  Pan  Fig.  3. 


APPENDIX 


183 


Bowline — 

For      making      a 
loop    or   bight   in 
a    rope    that   will 
not  slip. 
(Upper    diagram). 


Running  Boivline— 
Used  where  a 
running  noose 
is  desired  and 
where  the 
smaller  _  loop 
cannot  jam  or 
bind. 

(Lower  diagram) 


184 


APPENDIX 


Half  Hitch  and  Seizing — ^    simple,    semi-permanent   loop 


Midshipman's  Hitch — A  much  better  way  of  making  the 
above,  for  the  rope  jams  itself,  and  there  is  but 
little  strain  on  the  seizing.  A  man  overboard  catch- 
ing a  rope  can  make  this — passing  the  bight  be- 
tween his  legs  and  pressing  the  ropes  together  in 
his  grasp  in  place  of  seizing.  He  could  not  tie  a 
bowling  or  a  jioose  unless  he  had  slack. 


APPENDIX 


185 


Modern  Midshipman 
Hiich 


Dlackweil  Hitch 


Double  BlacJ(r»ell 
Hiich 


Nippering  a  Bight 
Used  when  strain  is  to  come  all  or  chiefly  on  one  rope. 


186 


APPENDIX 


rope 


SheepshanJi — 
For    shortening 
without    cutting. 


Cat's  Pan 
Another  Form 


APPENDIX 


187 


N.  B. — In  the  following  diagrams  the  knots,  hitches, 
bends,  etc.,  are  shown  open.  They  should  be  tightened 
and  jammed  to  hold. 


Running  Knot — or  slip  knot. 


^S 


Figure  Eight  Knot— Us^d  for  the  same  purpose  as  thumb 
knot. 


Thumb  or  Overhand  Knot — Used  in  end  of  rope  to  keep  it 
from  fraying  or  running  through  sheave  of  a  block. 


188 


APPENDIX 


Cranny  /Cnoi— Worthless,    will    slip;    notice   the   bights, 
in  and  out. 


Square  Knot  or  Reef  Knot — Will    hold. 


Thief  Knot — Worthless,  will  slip;  notice  ends  on  oppo- 
■site  sides. 


APPENDIX 


189 


True  Love/s  Knot  or  Double  BoTo — Effective  in  securing 
wrists  of  prisoners — as  handcuffs,  drawing  tight  and 
securing  with  a  reef  knot.  With  small  twine  a  man's 
thumbs  may  be  thus  tied  behind  his  back  effectively 
holding  him  helpless. 


Slip  Knot  or  Draro  Knot — Doubling  back  a  reef  knot,  an 
other  form  of  slip  knot. 


190 


APPENDIX 


Marlinspike  Hitch. —  Used  for  putting  on  stoppings,  seiz- 
ing, etc.  The  turns  are  made  on  a  marlinspike  or 
a  hard  wood  stick  as  shown.  The  wrapping  is 
started  and  the  stick,  at  right  angles  to  the  rope 
to  be  wound,  is  passed  in  a  continuous  circling 
around  and  around.  It  keeps  a  strong  tension  on 
the  wrapping  and  feeds  the  small  stuff  as  it  goes, 
slowly  and  taut. 


APPENDIX 


191 


Wall  Knot— This  is  the  first  and  simplest  of  the  many 
decorative  knots;  it  is  also  used  on  the  end  of  a 
rope  to  prevent  its  slipping:  throusrh  a  hole  as  when 
made  into  a  rope  bucket  handle.  It  is  also  used 
as  the  first  step  in  a  shroud  knot.  Like  a  splice 
it  can  be  easier  followed  in  diagrams  than  in  ex- 
planation. 

Each  strand  of  the  end  of  a  rooe  is  brought  under 
and  then  up  through  the  bight  formed  by  its  neigh- 
boring strand  to  the  left.  It  must  be  tightened  slowly 
with  a  little  pull  on  each  strand  and  so  on  until  all 
are  tight. 

The  ends  may  be  then  tucked  in  or  whipped. 
Fig.  3  A   is   2.  view  from  the  top   showing  how  the 
strands  must  be  brought  up  from  below  and  through 
the  bight  to  the  left. 


192 


APPENDIX 


CroTDu  on  Wall -^Th\s  may  be  added  to  the  Wall  Knot. 
The  Crown  Knot  is  also  the  start  of  a  Back  Splice 
sometimes  used  in  place  of  whipping  the  end  of  a 
rope. 

This  Crown  is  the  reverse  of  the  Wall  Knot  as  it 
is  made  by  bringing  each  strand  over  and  then  Jon>n 
through  the  bight  formed  by  the  neighboring  strand. 


Double  Wall  Knot—  Started  the  same  as  a  Wall  Knot  and 
then  instead  of  tightening  the  ends  are  again  passed 
under  and  up  through  the  bight  just  ahead  of  them. 


APPENDIX  193 


Treble  Wall  Knot — Same  as  the  preceding-  but  continuing 
the  ends  under  and  up  through  the  next  bight  a 
third  time.  The  skill  in  these  knots  is  to  tighten 
them  evenly,  otherwise  thev  present  an  irregular 
appearance. 

With  any  of  the  Wall  Knots  the  strands  may  be 
laid  up  again  into  rope  so  that  the  knot  will  be  at 
some  distance  from  the  end;  this  gives  a  fancy 
appearance  and  a  number  of  combinations  may  be 
worked  out  of  these  various  knots. 

Pointing  a  Rope — This  is  an  ornamental  finish  to  the  end 
of  a  rope;  it  is  also  useful  for  a  rope  that  has  to 
be  hurriedly  rove  through  a  block. 
A  temporary  seizing  is  put  around  a  rope  as  far 
from  the  end  as  the  beginning  of  the  point.  The 
strands  of  the  rope  are  unravelled  into  yarns — the 
yarns  being  the  small  bundles  of  fibers  or  strings 
of  which  the  strand  is  composed. 
All  of  the  yarns  at  the  outside  of  the  rope,  that  is, 
those  that  lie  on  the  circumference,  are  stopped 
back  (Fig.  t.)  while  those  left  and  forming  what  is 
now  the  core,  are  cut  and  scraped  down  to  a 
tapering  shape  somewhat  like  a  blunt  carrot. 
This  blunt  carrot  part  is  now  tightly  wrapped  with 
marlin  or  small  stuff  so  that  if  becomes  a  rigid 
conical  end.  These  operations  are  shown  in  an  un- 
finished state  in  Fig.  /. 

The  rim  of  yarns  around  the  rope's  circumference, 
and  which  have  been  stopped  back,  are  now  known 
as  nettles  and  are  separated  into  two  divisions. 


Fig.  1  Fig.  2  Fig.  3 

Each  alternating  nettle — or  odd  numbered  one — .3 
stopped  back. 

The  even  numbered  ones  are  brought  forward  and 
three  turns  of  twine  are  taken  round  them,  the 
last  turn  being  given  a  half  hitch  to  hold  it  in 
place. 

The  even  numbered  nettles  are  now  lightly  stopped 
back  and  the  odd  nettles  brought  forward  and  three 
turns  of  twine  taken  around  them  in  the  same  man- 
ner as  before.  This  twine  is  the  ■D)arp.  (See  Fig.  2.) 
This  weaving  is  continued  until  the  end.  To  keep 
the  taper  it  will  be  necessary  to  cut  out  or  thin 
down  the  yarns  from  time  to  time.  If  cut  out, 
their  ends  can  be  held  down  by  the  wrapping  of 
the  warp. 


APPENDIX 


195 


To  finish,  the  nettles  are  given  a  round  turn  over 
the  last  three  wrappings  of  the  warp.  The  warp 
is  hauled  taut,  the  nettles  are  pulled  taut  and  the 
ends  cut  off  close.  The  whole  may  be  shellacked. 
Plaited  Ring — An  ornament  for  rings  where  they  are 
not  used  for  passing  latigoes  or  lashings.  Two 
lengths  of  small  stuff  are  taken,  one  twice  the 
length  of  the  other. 

At  the  middle  part  of  the  long  piece,  make  a  Clove 
Hitch  around  the  ring  that  at  the  same  time,  takes 
in  and  securely  fastens  one  end  of  the  shorter  piece. 
This  gives  three  free  ends.  Each  free  end  is  made 
into  a  half  hitch. 

The  ornamenting  may  stop  when  that  part  of  a 
ring  is  reached  where  the  chafe  comes.  The  ends 
are  fastened  by  tucking  them  under  the  preceding 
turns.     A  coat  of  shellac  may  be  given  the  whole. 


196 


APPENDIX 


Sling     Net     for     Cargo- 
small   articles   in 
available. 


—Sometimes    useful    in    grouping 
a   load   where   pack   manta    is   not 


APPENDIX 


197 


INDEX 


Aparejo —  PAGE 

Adjusting     30 

Aparejo  Cover,  see  Sobre-jalma 

Care  of    31 

Cincha  for,  Specificaiions    42 

Definition /  / 

Description     24 

Padding  for 27 

Ribs  for 24 

Specifications  for /  / 

Bell   Horse    // 

Bend,  Single  Sheet 181 

Bend,  Double  Sheet 78/ 

Bivouac    /  / 

Blackball  Hitch    182 

Blind- 
Definition     /  / 

Specifications  for    45 

BoTvline    183 

Brake   // 

Breast  Strap    /  / 

Bunch     // 

Causes    of    32 

Treatment  for   32 

Belly    33 

Cargo — 

Definition /  / 

To  Make   Up    52 

To  Sling    60 

IVeights  of 16 

{See  Slings) 


PAGE 

Cargador    //,   15 

Cat's  Pan,   182,  186 

Chief   Packer    // 

Cincha — 

Definition     /  / 

Specifications   for    44 

Cordage,    see   Appendix    173 

Corona 

Definition     /  / 

Specifications  for 44 

Cross  Sling   75 

Doc^-piece     12 

Sore     30 

Specifications    for     39-41 

Crupper — 

Definition     /  / 

Lacing — to  Aparejo    29 

Specifications  for 39 

Definition     /  / 

Dock- 
Diamond    Hitch,    Sinsle     78 

Diamond   Hitch.   Double    92 

Cross  Tree — 

Definition     /  / 

Description 122,  124 

Hitch    132 

Double  Bend    181 

Double     Sling 74 

Endurance,  Records  of    16,17 

Flemish    Eye     179 

General    Rules     14 

Girth      12 

Hitch    12 

Hitches,   Packing — 

Cross-Tree     Hitch      132 

Diamond   Hitch,    Single    78 

Diamond    Hitch,    Double     92 

Pole    Hitch     115 

Lifting    Hitch     146 

Saddle    Hitch     163 

Squato     Htich     140 

Stirrup    Hitch     155 

Travois,    see    Pole    Hitch 170 


PAGE 
Hitches,     Rope 

Blackrvall   Hitch    49 

Blacl(n>all    Hitch,    Double     49 

Clove     Hitch      180 

Half    Hitch     180 

Marlinspi^e    Hitch     190 

Midshipman's     Hitch     184 

Hoo}(,     cineha,     (-wooden)     48 

Knots 187,  189 

Ending  Rope  in    191, 

Fane})     ,  .... 

Lair    Rope    12,    46 

Lairing     Uu     Pac\     52 

Lark's    Head    182 

Lash    Rope    12,    46,    48 

Latigo — 

Definition     12 

To    Fasten     50,    51 

Lifting    Hitch     146 

Litter,    see     Travois     168 

Load,     Definition      13 

Riding     13 

Loads,    Maximum    16 

Long    Splice     175 

Manta,   see   also   Pacl^   Cover    46 

Marches     16 

Marlingspil^e    Hitch     190 

Maximum    Travel    16 

Midshipman's   Hitch    184 

„     (Modern)     185 

Military   Purposes,    Organization   for    15 

Mousing     182 

Mule — 

Standard    of    19 

Description    of    21 

Diseases    of     23 

Near    Side    /2 

Off  Side    12 

On   Side    12 

Organization,  Standard  of /5 

One-Man  Hitch,   IViman    104 

One-Man  Sling 66 

Pack     f2 


PAGE 

Pack  Blanket    12 

(To   lair  up)    52 

„        Cover,  Specifications    46 

Mule,  Standard  of 19 

„          ,,        Description   of    12 

„          „        Diseases    of    23 

,.        Train    12,  15 

„       (see  also  Marches  and  Endurance) 

Master    12,  15 

Packer     12,  15 

Padding     47 

Picket    Rope     12 

Pole  Hitch 114 

Records   of  Endurance    16 

Rendering  Ring    13 

Ribs,  for  Aparejo    24,  47 

Riding    Load    /3 

Sling  for.  Cross  Sling   75 

Hitch   for    92 

Rigging     13 

Ring,  Plaited    195 

Rope — 

Lair    12,  46 

Lash   12,  46,  48 

Splices,    etc     173 

Rules,    General     f4 

Running   Bowline    183 

Part   13 

Rope     13 

Saddle  Hitch    163 

Sa-D)  Buck  Sling,  No.  1    125 

Sam   Buck   Sling,   No.   2    128 

Sheepshank    186 

Single  Sheet  Bend   181 

Sling,    Double     74 

Sling,    Cross     57 

Slinging    Cargo     60 

One-Man  Sling    66 

Sling    Rope     13,  46 

Sobre-jalma 

.  Definition     13 

Specifications       41 

To  fasten    30 


PAGE 

Splices       173 

E^e      176 

Long    175 

Short    173 

Squan>  Hitch  140 

„  Pack  Mule    19 

Standard  of  Organization    15 

Standing    Rope     13 

Part   13 

Stirrup   Hitch    155 

Striding  Load   13 

Top    Load    13 

Travois   16S,  173 

Travel,    Rateof    16 

Weights   of   Cargoes    16 

Wiman    One-Man   Hitch    17 


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problems  of  t^TJe  as  bearing  on  the  selection  of  the  dog.  breeding, 
training  and  use.  The  book  is  designed  for  the  non-professional  dog 
fancier,  who  wishes  common  sense  advice  which  does  not  involve 
elaborate  preparations  or  expenditure.  Chapters  are  included  on  the 
care  of  the  dog  in  the  kennel  and  simple  remedies  for  ordinary 
diseases. 


6.  THE  AUTOMOBILE— Its  Selection,   Care  and 

Use,  by  Robert  Sloss.  This  is  a  plain,  practical  discussion  of 
the  things  that  every  man  needs  to  know  if  he  is  to  buy  the  right  car 
and  get  the  most  out  of  it.  The  various  details  of  operation  and 
care  are  given  in  simple,  intelligent  terms.  From  it  the  car  owner 
can  easily  learn  the  mechanism  of  his  motor  and  the  art  of  locating 
r:(>tor  trouble,  as  well  as  hov/  to  use  his  car  for  the  greatest  pleasure. 
A  chapter  is  included  on  building  garages. 

7.  FISHING     KITS     AND     EQUIPMENT,     by 

Samuel  G.  Camp.  A  complete  guide  to  the  angler  buying  a  new 
outfit.  Every  detail  of  the  fishing  kit  of  the  fi:esh%/ater  angler  is  de- 
scribed, from  rodtip  to  creel,  and  clothing.  Special  emphasis  is  laid 
on  outfitting  for  fly  fishing,  but  full  instruction  is  also  given  to  the 
man  who  wants  to  catch  pickerel,  pike,  muskellunge,  lake-trout,  bass 
and  other  freshwater  game  fishes.  Prices  are  quoted  for  all  ardcles 
recommended  and  the  approved  method  of  selecting  and  testing  the 
various  rods,  lines,  leaders,  etc.,  is  described. 


8.  THE  FINE  ART  OF  FISHING,  by  Samuel  G. 

Camp.  Combine  the  pleasure  of  catching  fish  with  the  gratification 
of  following  the  sport  in  the  most  approved  manner.  The  sugges- 
tions offered  are  helpful  to  beginner  and  expert  angl;  rs.  The  range 
offish  and  fishing  conditions  covered  is  wide  and  includes  such  sub- 
jects as  "Casting  Fine  and  Far  Off,"  "Slrip-Casting  for  Bass,"  "Fish- 
ing for  Mour.tain  Trout"  and  "Autumn  Fishing  for  Lake  Trout.'* 
The  book  is  pervaded  wilh  a  spirit  of  love  for  ti\3  streamside  and 
the  out-doors  generally  whch  the  genxiine  angler  will  appreciate. 
A  companion  book  to  "Fishing  Kits  and  Equipment."  The  advice 
on  outfitting  so  capably  given  in  that  book  is  supplemented  in  this 
later  work  by  equally  valuable  information  on  how  to  use  the 
equipment. 

9.  THE  HORSE— Its  Breeding,  Care  and  Use,  by 

David  Bunum.  Mr.  Buffun*  takes  up  the  common,  every-day 
problems  of  the  ordinary  horse-users,  such  as  feeding,  shoeing, 
simple  home  remedies,  breaking  and  the  cure  for  various  equine 
vices.  An  important  chapter  is  that  tracing  the  influx  of  Arabian 
blood  into  the  English  and  American  horses  and  its  value  and  limi- 
tations. Chapters  are  included  on  draft-horses,  carriage  horses,  and 
the  development  of  the  two-minute  trotter.  It  is  distinctly  a  sensible 
book  for  the  sensible  man  who  wishes  to  know  how  he  can  improve 
his  horses  and  his  horsemanship  at  the  same  time. 


10.  THE  MOTOR  BOAT— Its  Selection,  Care  and 

Use,  by  H.  W.  Slauson.  The  intending  purchaser  is  advised 
as  to  the  type  of  motor  boat  best  suited  to  his  particular  needs  and 
how  to  keep  it  in  running  condition  after  purchased.  The  chapter 
headings  are:  Kinds  and  Uses  of  Motor  Boats — When  the  Motor 
Balks — Speeding  of  the  Motor  Boat — Getting  More  Power  from  a 
New  Motor — How  to  Install  a  Marine  Power  Plant — Accessories — 
Covers,  Canopies  and  Tops — Camping  and  Cruising — The  Boathouse. 

11.  OUTDOOR  SIGNALLING,   by  Elbert  Wells. 

Mr.  Wells  has  perfected  a  method  of  signalling  by  means  of  wig- 
wag, light,  smoke,  or  whistie  which  is  as  simple  as  it  is  effective. 
The  fundamental  principle  can  be  learned  in  ten  minutes  anc^  its 
application  is  far  easier  than  that  of  any  other  code  ncv>  in  use. 
It  permits  also  the  use  of  cipher  and  can  be  adapted  to  almost  any 
imaginable  conditions  of  weather,  light,  or  topography. 

12.  TRACKS  AND  TRACKING,  by  Josef  Brunner. 

After  twenty  years  of  patient  study  and  practical  experience,  Mr. 
Brunner  can,  from  his  intimate  knowledge,  speak  with  authority  on 
this  subject  "Tracks  and  Tracking"  shows  how  to  follow  intelli- 
gently even  iiie  most  intricate  animal  or  bird  tracks.  It  teaches  how 
to  interpret  tracks  of  wild  game  and  decipher  the  many  tell-tale 
signs  of  the  chase  that  would  otherwise  pass  unnoticed.  It  proves 
laow  it  is  possible  to  tell  from  the  footprints  the  name,  sex,  speed, 
direclion,  whether  and  how  wounded,  and  many  other  things  about, 
wild  animals  and  birds.  All  material  has  been  gathered  first  hand; 
the  drawings  and  half-tones  from  photographs  form  an  importamt 
part  of  the  work. 


13.     ^ING  AND  TRAP-SHOOTING,  by  Charles 

Askins.  Contains  a  friU  discussion  of  the  various  methods, 
such  as  snap-shooting,  swing  and  half-swing,  discusses  the  flight  of 
birds  with  reference  to  the  gunner's  problem  of  lead  and  range  and 
makes  special  application  of  the  various  points  to  the  different  birds 
commonly  shot  in  this  country.  A  chapter  is  included  on  trap 
shooting  and  the  book  closes  with  a  forceful  and  common-sense 
presentation  of  the  etiquette  of  the  field. 


14.  PROFITABLE  BREEDS  OF  POULTRY,  by 

Arthur  S.  Wheeler.  Mr.  Wheeler  discusses  from  personal  ex- 
perience the  best-kno>vn  general  purpose  breeds.  Advice  is  given 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  man  who  desires  results  in  eggs  and  stock 
rather  than  in  specimens  for  exhibition.  In  addition  to  a  careftil 
analysis  of  stock — good  and  bad — and  some  conclusions  regarding 
housing  and  management,  the  author  writes  in  detail  regarding 
Plymouth  Rocks,  Wyandottes,  Orpingtons,  Rhode  Island  Reds, 
Mediterraneans  and  the  Cornish. 

15.  RIFLES  AND  RIFLE  SHOOTING,  by  Charles 

Askms.  A  practical  manual  describing  various  makes  and  mechan- 
isms, in  addition  to  discussing  in  detail  the  range  and  limitations  in 
the  use  of  the  rifle.  Treats  on  the  every  style  and  make  of  rifle 
as  well  as  their  use.  Every  type  of  rifle  is  discussed  ao  that  the 
book  is  complete  in  every  detail. 

16.  SPORTING  FIREARMS,  by  Horace  Kephart. 

This  book  is  the  result  of  painstaking  tests  and  experiments.  Prac- 
tically nothing  is  taken  for  granted.  Part  I  deals  with  the  rifle,  and 
Part  II  with  the  shotgun.  The  man  seeking  guidance  in  the  selec- 
tion and  use  of  small  firearms,  as  well  as  the  advanced  student  of 
the  subject,  will  receive  an  unusual  amount  of  assistance  from  this 
work.  The  chapter  headings  are  •  Rifles  and  Ammunition — The 
Flight  of  Bullets — Killing  Power — Rifle  Mechanism  and  Materials — 
Rifle  Sights — Triggers  and  Stocks — Care  of  Rifle — Shot  Patterns  and 
Penetration — Gauges  and  Weights — Mechanism  and  Build  of 
Shotguns, 

17.  THE  YACHTSMAN'S  HANDBOOK,  by  Herbert 

L.  btone.  The  author  and  compiler  of  this  work  is  the  editor  of 
"  Yachting."  He  treats  in  simple  language  of  the  many  problems 
confronting  the  amateur  sailor  £nd  motor  boatman.  Handling 
ground  tackle,  handling  lines,  taking  soundings,  the  use  of  the  lead 
line,  care  and  use  of  sails,  yachting  etiquette,  are  all  given  careful 
attention.  Some  light  is  thrown  upon  the  operation  of  the  gasoline 
motor,  and  suggestions  are  made  for  the  avoidance  of  engine 
troubles. 

18.  SCOTTISH  AND  IRISH  TERRIERS,  by  ^il- 

liams  Haynes.  This  is  a  companion  book  to  "The  Airedale,'* 
and  deals  with  the  history  and  development  of  both  breeds.  For 
the  owner  of  the  dog,  valuable  information  is  given  as  to  the  use  of 
the  terriers,  their  treatment  in  health,  theii'  treatment  when  sick, 
the  principles  of  dog  breeding,  and  dog  shows  and  rules. 


19.  NAVIGATION  FOR  THE  AIMATEUR,  by  Capt. 

E.  1 .  Morton.  A  short  treatise  on  the  simpler  methods  of  find- 
ing position  at  sea  Ly  the  observation  of  the  sun's  altitude  and  the 
use  of  the  sextant  and  chronometer.  It  is  arranged  especially  for 
yachtsmen  and  amateurs  who  wish  to  know  the  simpler  formulae 
for  the  necessary  navigation  involved  in  taking  a  boat  anywhere  off 
shore.  Illustrated  w'th  drawings.  Chapter  headings :  Fundamental 
Terms — Time — The  Sumner  Line—  Thr  Day's  Work,  Equal  Altitude, 
and  Ex-Meridian  Sights — Hints  on  Taking  Observations. 

20.  OUTDOOR  PHOTOGRAPHY,  by  Julian  A. 

Dimock.  A  solution  of  all  the  problems  in  camera  work  out-of- 
doors.  The  various  subjects  dealt  with  are :  The  Camera — Lens  and 
Plates — Light  and  Exposiu-e — Development — Prints  and  Printing — 
Composition — Landscapes — Figure  Work — Speed  Photography — The 
Leaping  Tarpon — Sea  Pictures — In  the  Good  Old  Winter  Time — 
Wild  Life. 

21.  PACKING    AND    PORTAGING,    by    Dillon 

W  allace.  Mr.  Wallace  has  brouglit  together  in  one  volume  all 
the  valuable  information  on  the  di^Ferent  ways  of  making  and  carry- 
ing the  difierent  kinds  of  packs.  The  ground  covered  ranges  from 
man-packing  to  horse-packing,  from  the  use  of  the  tump  line  to 
throwing  the  diamond  hitch. 

22.  THE  BULL  TERRIER,   by  Williams  Haynes. 

This  is  a  companion  book  to  "The  Airedale"  and  "Scottish  and  Irish 
Terriers"  by  the  same  author.  Its  greatest  usefulness  is  as  a  guide 
to  the  dog  OAvner  who  wishes  to  be  his  own  kennel  manager.  A  full 
account  of  the  development  of  the  breed  is  given  with  a  description 
of  best  types  and  standards.  Recommendations  for  the  care  of 
the  dog  in  health  or  sickness  are  included.  The  chapter  heads 
cover  such  matters  as:— The  Bull  Terrier's  History — Training  the 
Bull  Terrier — The  Terrier  in  Health — Kenneling — Diseases. 


23.  THE  FOX  TERRIER,  by  Williams  Ilaynes. 
As  in  his  other  books  on  the  terrier,  Mr.  Haynes  takes  up  the  origin 
and  history  of  the  breed,  its  types  and  standards,  and  the  more  eX' 
elusive  representatives  down  to  the  present  time.  Training  the  Fox 
Terrier — His  Care  and  Kenneling  in  Sickness  and  Health — and  the 
Various  Uses  to  Which  He  Can  Be  Put — are  among  the  phases 
handled. 

24.  SUBURBAN  GARDENS,  by  Grace  Tabor. 
Illustrated  with  diagrams.  The  author  regards  the  house  and 
grounds  as  a  complete  unit  and  shows  how  the  best  results  may  be 
obtained  by  carrying  the  reader  in  detail  through  the  various  phases 
of  designing  the  garden,  with  the  levels  and  contours  necessary, 
laying  out  the  walks  and  paths,  planning  and  placing  the  arbors, 
summer  houses,  seats,  etc.,  and  selecting  and  placing  trees,  shrubs, 
vines  and  flowers.  Ideal  plans  for  plots  of  various  sizes  are  appended, 
as  well  as  suggestions  for  correcting  mistakes  that  have  been  made 
through  "starting  wrong." 


25.  FISHING    WITH    FLOATING    FLIES,   by 

Samuel  G.  Camp.  This  is  an  art  that  is  comparatively  new  in 
this  countiy  although  English  anglers  have  used  the  dry  fly  for 
generations.  Mr.  Camp  has  given  the  matter  special  study  and  is 
one  of  the  few  American  anglers  who  really  understands  the  matter 
from  the  selection  of  the  outfit  to  the  landing  of  the  fish.  His  book 
takes  up  the  process  in  that  order,  namely — How  to  Ovitfit  for  Dry 
Fly  Fishing — How,  Where,  and  When  to  Hast — The  Selection  and 
Use  of  Floating  Flies — Dry  Fly  Fishing  for  Brook,  Brown  and 
Rainbow  Trout — Hooking,  Playing  and  Landing— Practical  Hints  on 
Dry  Fly  Fishing. 

26.  THE  GASOLINE  MOTOR,  by  Harold  Whiting 

Slauson.  Deals  with  the  practical  problems  of  motor  operation. 
The  standpoint  is  that  of  the  man  who  wishes  to  know  how  and 
why  gasoline  generates  power  and  something  about  the  various 
types.  Describes  in  detail  the  different  parts  of  motors  and  the 
faults  to  which  they  are  liable.  Also  gives  full  directions  as  to  re- 
pair and  upkeep.  Various  chapters  deal  with  Types  of  Motors— v 
Valves  —  Bearings  —  Ignition  —  Carburetors  —  Lubrication —  Fuel  --- 
Two  Cycle  Motors. 


27.  ICE  BOATING,  by  H.  L  Stone,    illustrated  wiih 

diagrams.  Here  have  been  brought  together  all  the  available  ixi- 
formation  on  the  organization  and  history  of  ice-boating,  the  build- 
ing of  the  various  types  of  ice  yachts,  from  the  small  15  footer  to 
the  600-foot  racer,  together  with  detailed  plans  and  specifications. 
Full  information  is  also  given  to  meet  the  needs  of  those  who  wish 
to  be  able  to  build  and  sail  their  own  boats  but  are  handicapped  by 
the  lack  of  proper  knowledge  as  to  just  the  points  described  in  this 
volume. 

28.  MODERN   GOLF,  by  Harold  K.  Hilton.     Mr. 

Hilton  is  the  only  man  who  has  ever  held  the  amateur  champion- 
ship of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  in  the  same  year.  In 
addition  to  this,  he  has,  for  years,  been  recognized  as  one  of  the 
most  intelligent,  steady  players  of  the  game  in  England.  This  book 
is  a  product  of  his  advanced  thought  and  experience  and  gives  the 
reader  sound  advice,  not  so  much  on  the  mere  swinging  of  the  clubs 
as  in  the  actual  playing  of  the  game,  with  all  the  factors  that  enter 
into  it.  He  discusses  the  use  of  wooden  clubs,  the  choice  of  clubs, 
the  art  of  approaching,  tournament  play  as  a  distinct  thing  in  itself, 
and  kindred  subjects. 

29.  INTENSIVE   FARMING,   by   L.    C.    CorI)ett. 

A  discussion  of  the  meaning,  method  and  value  of  intensive  methods 
in  agriculture.  This  book  is  designed  for  the  convenience  of  prac- 
tical farmers  who  find  themselves  under  the  necessity  of  making  a 
living  out  of  high-priced  land. 

30.  PRACTICAL  DOG  BREEDING,  by  Williams 

Haynes.  This  is  a  companion  volume  to  PRACTICAL  DOG 
KEEPING,  described  below.  It  goes  at  length  into  the  funda- 
mental questions  of  breeding,  such  as  selection  of  types  on  both 
sides,  the  perpetuation  of  desirable,  and  the  elimination  of  undesir- 
able, qualities,  the  value  of  prepotency  in  building  up  a  desired 
breed,  etc.  The  arguments  are  illustrated  with  instances  of  what 
has  been  accomplished,  both  good  and  bad,  in  the  case  of  well- 
known  breeds. 

31.  PRACTICAL    DOG  KEEPING,  by   Williams 

Haynes.  Mr.  Haynes  is  well  known  to  the  readers  of  the  OUTING 
HANDBOOKS  as  the  author  of  books  on  the  terriers.  His  new 
book  is  somewhat  more  ambitious  in  that  it  carries  him  into  the 
general  field  of  selection  of  breeds,  the  buying  and  selling  of  dogs, 
the  care  of  dogs  in  kennels,  handling  in  bench  shows  and  field  trials, 
and  at  considerable  length  into  such  subjects  as  food  and  feef-iing, 
exercise  and  grooming,  disease,  etc 


32.  PRACTICAL  TREE  PLANTING,  by  C.  R. 

Pettis.  The  author,  who  is  the  New  York  State  Forester,  takes  up 
the  general  subject  of  reforesting,  covering  natiu-e's  method  and  the 
practical  methods  of  broadcast  seed-sowing,  seed  spot  planting, 
nursery  practice,  etc.  The  various  species  are  described  and  their 
adaptability  to  varying  conditions  indicated.  Results  of  reforesting 
are  shown  and  instructions  are  given  for  the  planting  of  wind- 
breaks and  shade  trees. 

33.  GUNSMITHING  FOR  THE   AMATEUR,  by 

Edward  C.  Grossman.  Mr.  Grossman,  who  is  one  of  the  best- 
known  rifle  experts  in  the  country,  takes  up  in  detail  the  care  and 
repair  of  the  gun.  He  discusses  such  questions  as  The  Present 
Development  of  the  Gun — Tools  for  the  Amateur — Rifle  Barrels — 
Smooth  Bore  Barrels — Rifle  Actions— Pistol  and  Gun  Actions— Re- 
finishing  and  Processing — The  Stock,  Sights  and  Aids  to  Accuracy. 

34.  PISTOL  AND  REVOLVER  SHOOTING,  by  A.  L. 

A.  Himmelwright.  A  new  and  revised  edition  of  a  work  that  has 
already  achieved  prominence  as  an  accepted  authority  on  the  use  of 
the  hand  gun.  Fiill  instructions  are  given  in  the  use  of  both  revolver 
and  target  pistol,  including  shooting  position,  grip,  position  of  arm,  etc. 
The  book  is  thoroughly  illustrated  with  diagrams  and  photographs 
and  includes  the  niles  of  the  United  States  Revolver  Association 
and  a  list  of  the  records  made  both  here  and  abroad. 

35.  PIGEON  RAISING,  by  Alice  MacLeod.     This 

is  a  book  for  both  fancier  and  market  breeder.  Full  descriptions 
are  given  of  the  construction  of  houses,  the  care  of  the  birds,  pre- 
paration for  market,  and  shipment.  Descriptions  of  the  various 
breeds  with  their  markings  and  characteristics  are  given.  Illustrated 
with  photographs  and  diagrams. 

36.  INSECTS   ON  THE   FARM,  by  E.   P.   Felt. 

A  practical  manual  by  the  New  York  State  Entomologist.  He 
classifies  insects — good  and  bad — according  to  crops  and  gives  direc- 
tions for  the  eradication  of  the  harmful  and  the  encouragement  of 
the  desirable.     Full  descriptions  are  given  of  the  principal  varieties. 


37.  MARINE     GAS    ENGINEERING,    by  A.  L. 

Brennan,  Jr.  This  is  a  practical  manual  written  from  the  stand- 
point of  a  teaching  engineer.  All  the  details  of  marine  gas  engine 
construction  3nd  operation  are  described,  step  by  step,  with  explan- 
atory diagrams.  All  technical  terms  and  appliances  are  fully  defined 
and  the  latest  developments  and  refinements  are  traced  and  described. 
It  is  a  book  for  the  man  who  wants  to  understand  and  operate  his 
own  engine, 

38.  THE  RUNNING  HOUND,  by  Roger  Williams. 

This  includes  the  greyhound  and  all  the  deer  and  staghounds  that 
run  by  sight  alone.  The  origin  of  the  various  breeds  is  traced  and 
and  striking  individuals  in  each  class  are  described.  Instructions 
are  given  for  breeding,  care  rnd  training  for  field  and  show  purposes. 
Illustrated  with  photographs  of  types. 

39.  SALT  WATER  GAME  FISHING,  by  Charles 

F.  Holder.  Mr.  Holder  covers  the  whole  field  r  f  his  subject 
devoting  a  chapter  each  to  such  fish  as  the  tuna,  the  tarpon,  amber- 
jack,  the  sail  fish,  the  7'^llow-tail,  the  king  fish,  the  barracuda,  the 
sea  bass  and  the  small  game  fishes  of  Florida,  Porto  Rico,  the  Pacific 
Coast,  Hawaii,  and  the  Phi  ippines.  The  habits  and  habitats  of  the 
fish  are  described,  together  with  the  methods  and  tackle  for  taking 
them.  The  book  concludes  with  an  account  of  the  development 
and  rules  of  the  American  Sea  Angling  Clubs.     Illustrated. 

40.  WINTER  CAMPING,  by  Warwick  S. Carpenter. 

A  book  that  meets  the  increasing  interest  in  outdoor  li^e  in  the  cold 
weather.  Mr.  Carpenter  discusses  such  subjects  as  shelter  equipment, 
clothing,  food,  snowshoeing,  skiing,  and  winter  hunting,  wild  life  in 
winter  woods,  care  of  frost  bite,  etc.  It  is  based  on  much  actual  ex- 
perience in  winter  camping  and  is  fully  illustrated  with  working 
photographs. 

41.  THE  TRAILING  HOUND,  by  Roger  Williams. 

In  this  book  General  Williams  takes  up  the  hounds  that  run  by  scent, 
such  as  the  foxhound,  the  bloodhound,  and  the  beagle.  He  gives 
fall  instructions  for  care  in  the  kennels,  feeding,  treatment  of  disease, 
breeding,  etc.,  and  follows  it  up  with  directions  for  training  for  field 
and  show  purposes.  Illustrated  with  photographs  of  the  various 
types  which  are  fully  described  in  the  text. 

42.  BOAT  AND   CANOE  BUILDING,  by  Victor 

o  locum.  All  of  us  like  to  think  we  could  build  a  boat  if  we  had 
to.  Mr.  Slocum  tells  us  how  to  do  it.  Designs  are  given  for  the 
various  types  of  canoes  as  well  as  full  descriptions  for  preparing  the 
material  and  putting  it  together.  Small  dories  and  lapstrcak  boats 
are  also  included. 


43.  BASS   AND   BASS    FISHING,   by    James   A. 

Ilensball.  Mr.  Henshall  has  made  a  special  study  of  the  basses 
in  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  a  work  for  wliich  his  connection 
with  the  Bureau  of  Fisheries  has  given  him  exceptional  opportunities. 
He  discusses  the  habits  of  the  bass  and  the  methods  and  tackle 
appropriate  for  its  capture.  He  also  gives  in  detail  the  latest  facts 
in  regard  to  the  artificial  culture  and  planting  of  this  valuable 
game  fish. 

44.  BOXING,   by  D.    C.   Hutchison.      Practical  in- 

struction  for  men  who  wish  to  learn  the  first  steps  in  the  manly 
art.  Mr.  Hutchison  writes  from  long  personal  experience  as  an 
amateur  boxer  and  as  a  trainer  of  other  amateurs.  His  instructions 
are  accompanied  with  full  diagrams  showing  the  approved  blows 
a  id  guards.  He  also  gives  full  directions  for  training  for  condition 
without  danger  of  going  stale  from  overtraining.  It  is  essentially  a 
book  for  the  amateur  v/ho  boxes  for  sport  and  exercise. 

45.  TENNIS   TACTICS,   by   Raymond   D.    Little. 

Out  of  his  store  of  experience  as  a  successful  tennis  player,  Mr. 
Little  has  written  this  practical  guide  for  those  who  wish  to  know 
how  real  tennis  is  played.  He  tells  the  reader  when  and  how  to 
take  the  net,  discusses  the  relative  merits  of  the  back-court  and 
volleying  game  and  how  their  proper  balance  may  be  achieved ; 
analyzes  and  appraises  the  twist  service,  shows  the  fundamental 
necessities  of  successful  doubles  play. 

46.  THE  AUXILIARY  YACHT,  by  H.  L.  Stone. 

Combines  information  on  the  installation  of  power  in  a  boat  that 
was  not  designed  especially  for  it  with  the  features  desirable  in  de- 
signing a  boat  for  this  double  use.  Deals  with  the  peculiar  proper- 
ties of  the  auxiliary,  its  advantages  and  disadvantages,  the  handling 
of  the  boat  under  sail  and  power,  etc.  Does  not  go  into  detail  on 
engine  construction  but  gives  the  approximate  power  needed  for 
different  boats  and  the  calculations  necessary  to  find  this  figure. 

47.  TAXIDERMY,  by  Leon  L.  Pray.    lUustrated  with 

diagrams.  Being  a  practical  taxidermist,  the  author  at  once  goes  into 
the  question  of  selection  of  tools  and  materials  for  the  various  stages 
of  skinning,  stuffing  and  mounting.  The  subjects  whose  handling 
is  described  are,  for  the  most  part,  the  every-day  ones,  such  as 
ordinary  birds,  small  mammals,  etc.,  although  adequate  instructions 
are  included  for  mounting  big  game  specimens,  as  well  as  the  pre- 
liminary care  of  skins  in  hot  climates.  Full  diagrams  accompany 
the  text. 


Webster  FsrriMy  Licrany  oi-  veterinary  Medicirse 

Cummings  Schooi  of  Veterinary  Medicine  at 

Tufts  University 

200  Westboro  Road 

North  Grafton.  MA  01536 


